Morgagni–Stewart–Morel syndrome

Morgagni–Stewart–Morel syndrome is a rare medical condition characterized by the triad of hyperostosis frontalis interna, obesity, and virilism. This syndrome predominantly affects middle-aged women and is named after Giovanni Battista Morgagni, who first described the condition in 1765, James Stewart, and Frédéric Morel, who contributed to the understanding of the syndrome in the 20th century.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The primary symptoms of Morgagni–Stewart–Morel syndrome include the thickening of the inner table of the frontal bone of the skull, known as hyperostosis frontalis interna, obesity, particularly in the abdominal region, and signs of virilism such as hirsutism, acne, and menstrual irregularities. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical examination, patient history, and imaging studies, particularly computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the skull, which can reveal the characteristic bone thickening.

Etiology and Pathophysiology

The exact cause of Morgagni–Stewart–Morel syndrome remains unknown. It has been suggested that hormonal imbalances, particularly those involving estrogen and androgen levels, may play a role in the development of the syndrome. The pathophysiology behind the bone changes is also not fully understood but is believed to involve abnormal bone growth and remodeling.

Treatment and Management

There is no specific cure for Morgagni–Stewart–Morel syndrome. Treatment is symptomatic and focuses on managing the individual components of the syndrome. This may include weight management strategies, hormonal therapy to address virilism, and pain management for any discomfort associated with hyperostosis frontalis interna. In some cases, surgical intervention may be considered to correct severe bone deformities.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Morgagni–Stewart–Morel syndrome varies depending on the severity of symptoms and the effectiveness of management strategies. While the syndrome can significantly impact quality of life, it is not typically life-threatening. Ongoing research into the causes and treatment of the syndrome may provide better management options in the future.

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