Parathyroid adenoma

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Parathyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the parathyroid gland that causes overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH). This condition is a common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, which can lead to hypercalcemia and associated symptoms.

Pathophysiology

Parathyroid adenomas are typically solitary and result from the clonal expansion of a single cell that has undergone a genetic mutation. This mutation leads to the overproduction of PTH, which in turn increases the levels of calcium in the blood by promoting calcium release from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.

Symptoms

The symptoms of parathyroid adenoma are primarily due to hypercalcemia and can include:

• Fatigue
• Depression
• Muscle weakness
• Bone pain
• Kidney stones
• Gastrointestinal disturbances

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma typically involves:

• Blood tests showing elevated levels of calcium and PTH.
• Imaging studies such as ultrasound, sestamibi scan, or CT scan to localize the adenoma.
• Bone density scan to assess the impact on bone health.

Treatment

The primary treatment for parathyroid adenoma is surgical removal of the affected gland, known as parathyroidectomy. In some cases, minimally invasive techniques can be used. Post-surgery, patients are monitored for calcium levels to ensure they return to normal.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with parathyroid adenoma is generally good, especially if the adenoma is detected early and surgically removed. Most patients experience a significant improvement in symptoms and normalization of calcium levels post-surgery.

Epidemiology

Parathyroid adenomas are more common in women than men and typically occur in individuals over the age of 50. The exact cause of the genetic mutations leading to adenoma formation is not well understood, but both genetic and environmental factors may play a role.

See also

• Parathyroid gland
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypercalcemia
• Parathyroidectomy