Polycystic ovary disease

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Characterized by a combination of symptoms and biochemical changes, PCOS is associated with ovarian cysts, hormonal imbalance, and metabolic issues. It is a leading cause of female infertility and has significant implications on women's health, including risks for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and endometrial cancer.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of PCOS remains unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance, increased levels of androgens (male hormones), and inflammation have been identified as key factors in the development of the condition. Obesity is a significant risk factor, although PCOS can also occur in women of normal weight.

Symptoms

PCOS presents a wide range of symptoms, including:

• Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of menstruation (amenorrhea)
• Hirsutism (excessive hair growth on the face and body)
• Acne and oily skin
• Scalp hair thinning (alopecia)
• Development of multiple small cysts on the ovaries, detectable by ultrasound

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of PCOS is based on the Rotterdam criteria, which require two of the following three criteria to be met:

• Oligo- or anovulation
• Clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism
• Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound

Exclusion of other endocrine disorders such as thyroid dysfunction and hyperprolactinemia is also necessary for a definitive diagnosis.

Treatment

While there is no cure for PCOS, treatment focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications. Options include:

• Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise for weight management
• Hormonal contraceptives to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce androgen levels
• Metformin to improve insulin sensitivity
• Fertility treatments for women trying to conceive

Complications

Women with PCOS are at increased risk for several health conditions, including:

• Type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance
• Cardiovascular disease
• Endometrial cancer
• Mental health issues, such as depression and anxiety

Epidemiology

PCOS affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, making it one of the most common hormonal disorders among women in this age group. Its prevalence varies worldwide and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

See Also

• Endocrine system
• Infertility
• Metabolic syndrome