Pulmonary cancer

Pulmonary Cancer

Pulmonary cancer, also known as lung cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the lungs. It is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer worldwide, causing over a million deaths each year.

Causes

The primary cause of pulmonary cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke, either through direct smoking or secondhand smoke. Other risk factors include exposure to asbestos, radon, certain metals, some organic chemicals, radiation, air pollution, and a history of lung diseases such as tuberculosis.

Types

There are two main types of pulmonary cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and Small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all cases. It usually grows and spreads more slowly than SCLC.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of pulmonary cancer include a persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, weight loss, and fatigue. Many people with pulmonary cancer do not have symptoms until the disease is advanced.

Diagnosis

Pulmonary cancer is typically diagnosed through a combination of imaging tests, lab tests, and biopsies. Imaging tests such as chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans can help identify abnormal areas in the lungs. Lab tests can analyze sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) or fluid from the lungs to check for cancer cells. A biopsy can confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for pulmonary cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease, as well as the patient's overall health. Options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis for pulmonary cancer is generally poor, as the disease is often advanced by the time it is diagnosed. However, survival rates are improving with advances in treatment.

Prevention

The most effective way to prevent pulmonary cancer is to avoid tobacco smoke. Other preventive measures include testing for radon in the home and using protective equipment when exposed to asbestos or other harmful substances at work.