Road traffic safety

Road safety and security are critical aspects of ensuring the well-being of all individuals who use roads and motorways. Road traffic safety encompasses the strategies, methods, and measures aimed at preventing road users from experiencing fatal or severe injuries. The spectrum of road users includes pedestrians, cyclists, motorists, their passengers, and passengers of on-road public transport, notably buses and trams. Comprehensive strategies to enhance road traffic safety span laws and regulations, infrastructure development, adherence to vehicle safety standards, and widespread education and awareness initiatives.

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Enforcing Road Traffic Laws and Regulations

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State of Ohio Highway safety plan

The foundation of road safety lies in the establishment and enforcement of traffic laws and regulations. These encompass speed limits, mandatory use of safety gear such as seat belts and helmets, guidelines on safely overtaking and adhering to right-of-way principles, and restrictions on mobile phone usage and alcohol intake while driving. The role of traffic police in the rigorous enforcement of these rules is vital for the enhancement of road safety.

Infrastructure and Road Design Innovations

The design and infrastructure of roads are pivotal factors influencing road safety. Effective road design incorporates signage, traffic signals, pedestrian crosswalks, and other physical infrastructure components. Moreover, comprehensive road planning that includes the integration of sidewalks, bike lanes, and segregated traffic lanes contributes significantly to minimizing accident risks. Innovatively designed roadways facilitate safer and more intuitive navigation for all road users.

Adherence to Vehicle Safety Standards

Regulations that establish vehicle safety standards are crucial for the protection of road users. These standards dictate the required specifications for vehicle components such as lighting, braking systems, and tires. Legislation may also mandate regular vehicle inspections and maintenance to ensure ongoing compliance with safety standards. Such measures are instrumental in maintaining vehicles in a condition that safeguards all road users.

Promoting Education and Awareness

Educational programs and public awareness campaigns play a fundamental role in fostering road safety. These initiatives can range from advertising campaigns that highlight the dangers of distracted driving to comprehensive driver's education courses and school-based safety programs. The objective of these educational efforts is to cultivate a thorough understanding among road users of the potential hazards of road use and the practices that can mitigate these risks.

Glossary

• 2+1 road - A specific category of three-lane road, consisting of two lanes in one direction and one lane in the other, alternating every few kilometres, and separated usually with a steel cable barrier.
• 2+2 road - A specific type of dual carriageway being built in Ireland, Sweden, and Finland, consisting of two lanes in each direction separated by a steel cable barrier.
• 2-1 road - A specific category of one-lane road being built in Denmark and Sweden, consisting of a single two-way lane with extra wide shoulders for pedestrians and cyclists.
• 5-1-1 - A transportation and traffic information telephone hotline in some regions of the United States and Canada that was initially designated for road weather information.
• Advisory speed limit - A speed recommendation by a governing body.
• All-way stop - or four-way stop An intersection system where traffic approaching it from all directions is required to stop before proceeding through the intersection.
• 'Alternate route or optional route A highway that splits off the mainline and reconnects some distance later.
• Ambulance - A medically equipped vehicle which transports patients to treatment facilities, such as hospitals.
• Annual average daily traffic (AADT) - A measure of total volume of vehicle traffic on a segment of road for a year divided by 365 days to produce an average.
• Arterial road - or arterial thoroughfare A high-capacity urban road designed to deliver traffic at the highest possible level of service.
• At-grade intersection - A junction at which two or more roads cross at the same level or grade.
• Auxiliary route - A highway that supplements a major or mainline highway.
• Backroad - A secondary type of road usually found in rural areas.
• Barrier toll system - or open toll system A method of collecting tolls on highways using toll barriers at regularly spaced intervals on the toll road's mainline, usually charging a flat rate at each barrier.
• Bicycle boulevard - A street that allows local vehicle traffic, but is prioritized for bicycles and other non-motorized travel.
• Bicycle - , bike, or cycle A human-powered or motor-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other.
• Bike freeway - , cycling superhighway, fast cycle route, or bicycle highway An informal name for a bicycle path that is meant for long-distance traffic.
• Bike lane or cycle lane - A lane restricted to bicycles.
• Boom barrier - or boom gate A bar or pole pivoted to block vehicular or pedestrian access through a controlled point.
• Botts' dots - Round non-reflective raised pavement markers used to mark lanes on roads.
• Boulevard - A type of large road, usually running through a city.
• Bus lane - A lane restricted to buses, and sometimes certain other vehicles such as taxis.
• Bus rapid transit, BRT, busway, or transitway - A bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system.
• Bus station or bus depot - A structure where city or intercity buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers.
• Bus stop - A designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or alight from it.
• Bus - A road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.
• Business route or city route - An auxiliary route that passes through the central business district of a city.
• Button copy - A past physical design of road signs in the United States in which retroreflective buttons made of transparent plastic are placed in rows following the contours of sign legend elements, usually painted white, such as letters, numbers, arrows, and borders.
• Bypass - An auxiliary route that relieves congestion along the mainline by routing traffic around a city or congested area. Can also be used to refer to a segment of road built to reroute the mainline away from a city or congested area.
• Cant or camber - The gradient of the road surface at 90° to the direction of travel; the difference in height between the edge and the crown of the road.
• Car - or or automobile A wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.
• Cat's eye - A retroreflective safety device used in road marking and the first of a range of raised pavement markers.
• Climbing lane - A lane that allows slower travel for large vehicles, such as large trucks or semi-trailer trucks, ascending a steep grade.
• Collector road - or distributer road A low-to-moderate-capacity road which serves to move traffic from local streets to arterial roads.
• Concurrency - An instance of one physical road bearing two or more different highway, motorway, or other route numbers.
• Congestion pricing - A system of surcharging users of roads that are subject to congestion.
• Connector or cutoff - An auxiliary route that provides a shortcut between two routes or a connection between two routes that otherwise do no connect.
• Constitutional route - A highway defined in the constitution of the place in which it is located. Only found in Minnesota.
• Contraflow lane reversal - The reversal of direction of traffic in a lane, to facilitate emergency evacuations, roadworks, or events.
• Control city - A city or location posted on a series of traffic signs along a particular stretch of road indicating destinations on that route.
• Controlled-access highway, motorway, or freeway - A type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated.
• Country lane - A narrow road in the countryside.
• County highway - , county road, or county route A road in the United States and in the Canadian province of Ontario that is designated and/or maintained by the county highway department.
• Cul-de-sac - , dead end, closed, no through road, no exit, court, or no outlet
• Cyclist - A bicycle rider.
• Demountable copy - Road signage that is built by attaching mass-produced sheet-metal characters (and graphics, such as route shields and arrows) to the sign face, through means such as screws or rivets.
• Detour - A route taking traffic around an area of prohibited or reduced access, such as a construction site.
• Diamond interchange - An interchange between a freeway and a minor road where the off-ramp diverges only slightly from the freeway and runs directly across the minor road at an at-grade intersection, becoming an on-ramp that returns to the freeway in similar fashion.
• Diverging diamond interchange - , DDI, double crossover diamond interchange, or DCD A type of diamond interchange in which the two directions of traffic on the non-freeway road cross to the opposite side on both sides of the bridge at the freeway.
• Driver's license - or driving licence An official document permitting a specific individual to operate a vehicle.
• Drivers' working hours - Regulations that govern the activities of commercial truck drivers, most notably limiting the number of hours a person may drive during the day or week.
• Driveway - or drive A type of private road for local access to one or a small group of structures, and is owned and maintained by an individual or group.
• Driving under the influence - or DUI Operating a vehicle while being impaired by alcohol or other drugs.
• Dual carriageway - or divided highway A class of highway with two carriageways for traffic traveling in opposite directions separated by a median strip or central reservation.
• Elevated highway - A controlled-access highway that is raised above grade for its entire length.
• Emergency vehicle - A vehicle that is designated and authorized to respond to an emergency in a life-threatening situation.
• Exit number - A number assigned to a road junction, usually an exit from a freeway.
• Farm-to-market road - , ranch-to-market road, farm road, or ranch road A highway that connects rural or agricultural areas to market towns.
• Fire engine - , fire truck, or fire lorry A road vehicle (usually a truck) that functions as a firefighting apparatus.
• Fork - A type of intersection where a road splits.
• Frontage road - , access road, service road, or parallel road A local road running parallel to a higher-speed, limited-access road.
• Gantry - An overhead support for road signs or electronic toll collection systems.
• Gore - , gore point, gore zone, or merge nose A triangular piece of land found where roads merge or split.
• Grade separation - The method of aligning a junction of two or more road axes at different heights (grades) so that they will not disrupt the traffic flow on other transit routes when they cross each other.
• Grade - , slope, incline, gradient, pitch or rise The degree by which a road rises or declines, affected by fills and cuts designed and built to reduce the steepness of a road.
• Green lane - An unmetalled road, usually in a rural area.
• Grid plan - , grid street plan, or gridiron plan A type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid.
• Gridlock - A form of traffic congestion where "continuous queues of vehicles block an entire network of intersecting streets, bringing traffic in all directions to a complete standstill".
• Guard rail - , guardrail, guide rail, or railing A system designed to keep people or vehicles from (in most cases unintentionally) straying into dangerous or off-limits areas.
• HAWK beacon - or Pedestrian Hybrid Beacon A traffic control device used to stop road traffic and allow pedestrians to cross safely.
• Hairpin turn - , hairpin bend, hairpin corner, or hairpin curve A bend in a road with a very acute inner angle that resembles a hairpin/bobby pin, making it necessary for an oncoming vehicle to turn almost 180° to continue on the road.
• Haulage - The business of transporting goods by road or rail.
• High-occupancy toll lane - or HOT lane An HOV lane that charges a toll for vehicles that do not meet HOV regulations.
• High-occupancy vehicle lane - or HOV lane A lane reserved for vehicles carrying two or more passengers or other exempted vehicles.
• Highway hypnosis - or white line fever An altered mental state in which a person can drive a car, truck or other automobile great distances, responding to external events in the expected, safe and correct manner with no recollection of having consciously done so.
• Highway shield - or route marker A graphical representation of a route number, which serves as navigational aid
• Highway - Any public road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks.
• Hook turn - A right turn made from the left lane (countries that drive on the left), or a left turn made from the right lane (countries that drive on the right).
• Hurricane evacuation route - , coastal evacuation route, or evacuation route A highway in the United States that is a specified route for hurricane evacuation.
• Idaho stop - A law that allows cyclists to treat a stop sign as a yield sign, and a red light as a stop sign.
• Interchange - A road junction that typically uses grade separation, and one or more ramps, to permit traffic on at least one highway to pass through the junction without directly crossing any other traffic stream.
• Intersection - An at-grade road junction of two or more roads either meeting or crossing.
• Jersey barrier - , Jersey wall, K-rail, or Ontario tall wall A modular concrete or plastic barrier employed to separate lanes of traffic.
• Jughandle - or Jersey left A type of ramp or slip road where instead of a standard left turn being made from the left lane, left-turning traffic uses a ramp on the right side of the road (in countries that drive on the right).
• Junction - A location where multiple roads intersect, allowing vehicular traffic to change from one road to another.
• Lane splitting - Riding a bicycle or motorcycle between lanes or rows of slow moving or stopped traffic moving in the same direction.
• Lane - Part of a carriageway or roadway that is designated for use by a single line of vehicles, to control and guide drivers and reduce traffic conflicts.
• Legislative route - A highway defined by laws passed in a legislature. The numbering of such highways may or may not correspond to the numbers familiar to the posted route number.
• Level crossing - or railroad crossing An intersection where a railway line crosses a road.
• Level of service - A measurement used to describe the quality of traffic on a highway. Levels range from free flowing traffic to constant traffic jams.
• Link road - A road that links two conurbations or other major road transport facilities, often added because of increasing road traffic.
• Main Street - A generic phrase used to denote a primary retail street of a village, town or small city in many parts of the world.
• Mainline - The main carriageway(s) of a particular route, as opposed to entrance/exit ramps or auxiliary routes of that route.
• Merge - The process of reducing the number of lanes available to traffic, commonly from two lanes to one.
• Michigan left - An at-grade intersection design which replaces each left turn with a right turn followed by a U-turn, or a U-turn followed by a right turn
• Milestone - , mile markers, mileposts or mile post One of a series of numbered markers placed along a road or boundary at intervals of one mile or occasionally, parts of a mile.
• Moped - A type of small motorcycle with bicycle pedals, generally having a less stringent licensing requirement than full motorcycles or automobiles.
• Motor vehicle - , motorized vehicle, or automotive vehicle A self-propelled vehicle, commonly wheeled, that does not operate on rails.
• Motorcycle - A two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle.
• Motorized bicycle - A bicycle with an attached motor or engine and transmission used either to power the vehicle unassisted, or to assist with pedalling.
• Move over law - A law which requires motorists to move over and change lanes to give safe clearance to law enforcement officers, firefighters, ambulances, utility workers, and in some cases, tow-truck drivers.
• Moveable bridge - or drawbridge A bridge that moves to allow passage for boats or barges.
• Musical road - A road that produces a musical tune when driven over.
• No name exit - An interchange that does not list any connecting roads or locations on road signs
• One-way pair - , one-way couple, or couplet A pair of parallel, usually one-way streets that carry opposite directions of traffic.
• Open road tolling - A form of electronic toll collection where tolls are collected at highway speeds without the need for tollbooths.
• Overpass - A bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses over another road or railway.
• Parkway - A broad, landscaped highway thoroughfare, particularly a roadway in a park or connecting to a park from which trucks and other heavy vehicles are often excluded.
• Pavement] - For the material, see road surface. For the path, see sidewalk.
• Pedestrian crossing - or crosswalk A designated place for pedestrians to cross a road.
• Pedestrian - A person traveling on foot, whether walking or running.
• Pittsburgh left - A colloquial term for the driving practice of the first left-turning vehicle taking precedence over vehicles going straight through an intersection.
• Pothole - A depression in a road surface, usually asphalt pavement, where traffic has removed broken pieces of the pavement.
• Primitive road - A minor road system that is generally not maintained.
• Priority - or right of way For the type of easement, see right-of-way The traffic principle that establishes who has the right to go first when the intended courses of vehicles or pedestrians intersect.
• Private road - A road owned and maintained by a private individual, organization, or company rather than by a government.
• Public transport - , public transportation, public transit, mass transit, or transit A system of transport for passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule and operated on established routes.
• Raised pavement marker - or raised reflective marker A road surface marker used on roads, usually made with plastic, ceramic, thermoplastic paint or occasionally metal, and come in a variety of shapes and colors.
• Ramp meter - A device that regulates the flow of traffic entering a freeway. Ranch-to-market road or ranch road See farm-to-market road
• Red light camera - A type of traffic enforcement camera that captures an image of a vehicle which has entered an intersection in spite of the traffic signal indicating red.
• Rest area - , travel plaza, rest stop, or service area A public facility, located next to a large thoroughfare such as a highway, expressway, or freeway at which drivers and passengers can rest, eat, or refuel without exiting on to secondary roads.
• Ridesharing company - , transportation network company, or mobility * service provider - A company that matches passengers with vehicles, via websites and mobile apps.
• Right-of-way - For the traffic principle, see priority A type of easement granted or reserved over the land for transportation purposes, this can be for a highway, public footpath, rail transport, canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.
• Ring road - , beltway, circumferential highway, or orbital A highway or series of highways that encircle a city or town.
• Road diet - , lane reduction, or road rechannelization A technique in transportation planning whereby the number of travel lanes and/or effective width of the road is reduced in order to achieve systemic improvements.
• Road pricing - or road user charges Direct charges levied for the use of roads, including road tolls, distance or time based fees, congestion charges and charges designed to discourage use of certain classes of vehicle, fuel sources, or more polluting vehicles.
• Road rage - Aggressive or angry behavior exhibited by a driver of a road vehicle.
• Road surface marking - Mechanical (cat's-eye reflectors), non-mechanical (paint), or temporary devices used on a road surface that convey information to motorists, most commonly to delineate traffic lanes or to promote road safety.
• Road surface - or pavement Durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic.
• Road train - or land train A method of trucking where a tractor pulls two or more trailers.
• Road - A thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.
• Roundabout - , rotary, or traffic circle A type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic flows almost continuously in one direction around a central island.
• Route number - , road number, or route identifier A combination of letters and/or numbers that serve to identify a particular road. Route numbers may be assigned randomly or as part of a regional numbering scheme.
• Runaway truck ramp - , runaway truck lane, escape lane, emergency escape ramp or truck arrester bed An emergency lane with a sand or gravel-filled bed large enough to accommodate and safely stop large trucks, usually adjacent to a road with a steep down-hill grade.
• Rush hour - or peak hour A part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads is at its highest.
• Scenic route - , tourist road, tourist route, tourist drive, holiday route, theme route, or scenic byway A specially designated road that travels through an area of natural beauty or cultural interest, or along a historic route.
• School bus - A vehicle used to transport students to and from school or school-related activities.
• Sealed road - A road on which the surface has been permanently sealed by the use of a pavement treatment, such as bitumen.
• Self-driving car - , autonomous vehicle, or driverless car A vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input.
• Shoulder - A reserved lane by the verge of a road or motorway.
• Shunpiking - The act of deliberately avoiding toll roads by using a toll-free alternate route.
• Sidewalk - , footpath, footway, or pavement A path along the side of a road.
• Single carriageway - or undivided highway A road with one, two, or more lanes arranged within a roadway or carriageway with no physical separation of opposing flows of traffic.
• Single point urban interchange - or SPUI A variant of the diamond interchange most often used in urban areas where conservation of space is necessitated.
• Slip road - or ramp A connector road between the intersecting roads of an interchange.
• Spaghetti Junction - A nickname sometimes given to a complicated or massively intertwined road traffic interchange that resembles a plate of spaghetti. The term was originally used to refer to the Gravelly Hill Interchange on the M6 in Birmingham.
• Special route - A prefixed and/or suffixed numbered road in the United States that forms a loop or spur of a more dominant route of the same route number and system.
• Speed bump - , speed hump, speed ramp, speed cushion, or speed table A family of traffic calming devices that use vertical deflection to slow motor-vehicle traffic in order to improve safety conditions.
• Speed limit - The maximum (or minimum in some cases) speed at which road vehicles may travel legally on particular stretches of road.
• Speeding - Operating a vehicle at a speed higher than the speed limit of a particular road.
• Spur route - An highway that branches off of the mainline and goes to an area that is not served by the mainline highway.
• Stop sign - A traffic sign designed to notify drivers that they must come to a complete stop and make sure no other road users are coming before proceeding.
• Straight-line diagram - or strip map A diagram that describes a road and its features along a straight line.
• Street running - or on-street running The routing of a railroad track or tramway track running directly along public streets, without any grade separation.
• Street - A public thoroughfare in a built environment.
• Super two-lane highway, or wide two lane A two-lane surface road built to highway standards, typically including partial control of access, occasional passing lanes and hard shoulders.
• Tailgating - When a driver drives behind another vehicle while not leaving sufficient distance to stop without causing a collision if the vehicle in front stops suddenly.
• Taxicab - , taxi, or cab A type of vehicle for hire with a driver, used by a single passenger or small group of passengers, often for a non-shared ride.
• Texas U-turn - , Texas turnaround, or Loop Around A lane allowing cars traveling on one side of a one-way frontage road to U-turn onto the opposite frontage road (typically crossing over or under a freeway or expressway).
• Three-point turn - , Y-turn, K-turn, or broken U-turn A method of turning a vehicle around (making a 180° turn) in close quarters, such as in the middle of a road at a point other than an intersection.
• Thru traffic - Road users passing through an area who's destination is elsewhere.
• Toll road - , turnpike, or tollway A road for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage.
• Traffic bottleneck - A localized disruption of vehicular traffic on a road.
• Traffic collision - , motor vehicle collision, car crash or car accident Occurs when a vehicle collides with another vehicle, pedestrian, animal, road debris, or other stationary obstruction.
• Traffic cone - or pylon A cone-shaped marker that is placed on roads or footpaths to temporarily redirect traffic in a safe manner.
• Traffic congestion - Condition involving slower speeds and longer trip times.
• Traffic island - , painted island, or ghost island A solid or painted object in a road that channelises traffic.
• Traffic light - Signaling devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic.
• Traffic sign - or road sign A method of conveying information to people who are using a road. Depending on location, the main color of the sign can tell the motorist what type of information is presented on the sign.
• Traffic - Pedestrians, ridden or herded animals, vehicles, streetcars, buses and other conveyances, either singly or together, that use roads for purposes of travel.
• Tram - , trolley, or streetcar A rail vehicle that runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets.
• Truck driver - , trucker or truckie, lorry driver, or driver A person who earns a living by driving a truck.
• Truck route - A bypass designed for heavy truck traffic.
• Truck - or lorry A vehicle designed to carry cargo.
• Trumpet interchange - An interchange commonly used where one highway terminates at another highway; resembles the bell of a trumpet.
• Turn off to stay on (TOTSO) - When a motorist must exit a highway to continue traveling on the same numbered route.
• Turn on red - A principle of law permitting vehicles at a traffic light showing a red signal to turn into the direction of traffic nearer to them (almost always after a complete stop) when the way is clear, without having to wait for a green signal.
• Turnaround - A type of junction that allows traffic traveling in one direction on a road to efficiently make a U-turn typically without backing up or making dangerous maneuvers in the middle of the traffic stream.
• Two-lane expressway - An expressway with only one lane in each direction, and usually no median barrier.
• Two-lane road - A single carriageway with one lane for each direction.
• U-turn - A 180° rotation to reverse the direction of travel so called because the maneuver looks like the letter U.
• Underpass - A bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses under another road or railway.
• Unsigned highway - A highway that has been assigned a route number, but does not bear road markings that would conventionally be used to identify the route with that number.
• Unused highway - , ski jump, stub ramp, stub street, stub-out, or stub A highway or highway ramp that was partially or fully constructed, but was unused or later closed.
• Variable-message sign - , dynamic message sign, or matrix sign A traffic sign that can display important messages about special events to motorists. Commute times, weather alerts, AMBER alerts, and advanced notices of road construction or accidents are common messages.
• Vehicle for hire - A vehicle providing shared transport, which transports one or more passengers between locations of the passengers' choice.
• Vehicle license plate or number plate A metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes.
• Vehicle - A machine that transports people or cargo.
• Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals - A multilateral treaty designed to increase road safety and aid international road traffic by standardizing the signing system for road traffic (road signs, traffic lights and road markings) in use internationally.
• Vienna Convention on Road Traffic - An international treaty designed to facilitate international road traffic and to increase road safety by establishing standard traffic rules among the contracting parties.
• Weigh station - A checkpoint along a highway to inspect vehicular weights. Usually, trucks and commercial vehicles are subject to the inspection.
• Wrong-way concurrency - A concurrency between two roads with opposite signed directions, e.g. a westbound highway and an eastbound highway. Often, the physical roadbed is actually headed in a totally different cardinal direction.
• Xing - or x-ing An abbreviation for road crossing, primarily used in North America
• Yellow trap - Occurs at a traffic light when oncoming traffic has an extended green period.
• Yield sign - A traffic sign used to indicate that each driver must prepare to stop if necessary to let a driver on another approach proceed.
• Zebra crossing - A pedestrian crossing marked by alternating dark and light stripes, which typically gives extra rights of way to pedestrians.

Conclusion

Ensuring the safety and security of road users is a multifaceted endeavor that requires the collaboration of government authorities, road users, and the community at large. By adhering to traffic laws, investing in road infrastructure, maintaining vehicle safety standards, and committing to ongoing education and awareness, we can work towards a future where road travel is significantly safer for everyone.

See Also

• Traffic congestion
• Drunk driving
• Seat belt legislation

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