Vertebral compression fracture

Vertebral Compression Fracture is a medical condition characterized by the collapse of a vertebra in the spine. It is commonly associated with osteoporosis, a disease that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. However, vertebral compression fractures can also result from traumatic injury or as a complication of certain diseases like cancer that may affect spinal bones.

Causes

The primary cause of vertebral compression fractures is osteoporosis. This condition leads to a decrease in bone density and strength, significantly increasing the risk of fractures. Other causes include:

• Trauma or injury, such as a fall or car accident
• Cancer that has metastasized to the bones, weakening them
• Prolonged use of corticosteroids, which can decrease bone density

Symptoms

Symptoms of a vertebral compression fracture may vary depending on the severity of the fracture but often include:

• Sudden onset of back pain
• Pain that worsens with standing or walking and decreases when lying down
• Limited spinal mobility
• Height loss
• Deformity and curvature of the spine

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a vertebral compression fracture typically involves a medical history review and physical examination, followed by imaging tests such as:

• X-rays, to detect the presence of a fracture
• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), to provide detailed images of the bones and soft tissues, including any changes to the bone's integrity or signs of tumor
• CT scan (Computed Tomography), to give a more detailed view of the bone and spinal structure

Treatment

Treatment for vertebral compression fractures aims to relieve pain, stabilize the spine, and restore mobility. Options include:

• Pain management with medications such as analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs
• Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles around the spine, improve posture, and increase mobility
• Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, minimally invasive procedures that involve injecting bone cement into the fractured vertebra to stabilize it
• Surgical intervention in severe cases, such as spinal fusion surgery

Prevention

Preventing vertebral compression fractures primarily involves addressing osteoporosis and improving bone density through:

• Adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D
• Regular weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises
• Medications to improve bone density in individuals with osteoporosis
• Avoidance of smoking and excessive alcohol consumption

Complications

If left untreated, vertebral compression fractures can lead to chronic pain, decreased mobility, deformity, and potentially serious complications such as spinal cord compression.