Kyphosis

Kyphosis is a spinal disorder characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunched or slouched posture. Kyphosis can occur at any age but is common during adolescence due to the rapid growth period.

Cervical kyphosis and spondylosis

Etiology and Pathophysiology

• Kyphosis can arise from a variety of causes. It may be present at birth, resulting from a malformation of the spinal column (congenital kyphosis). It can also develop due to habitual slouching (postural kyphosis), or as a result of degenerative diseases such as osteoporosis (osteoporotic kyphosis). Other causes include spine tumors and infections.
• The pathophysiology of kyphosis involves an imbalance in the growth of the vertebral column, often leading to structural deformities that include vertebral wedging, discal wedging, and changes in the shape and alignment of the vertebral bodies.

Posturalkyphosis

Clinical Presentation

Clinical features of kyphosis depend on the severity and location of the curvature. Mild kyphosis may cause few physical problems. However, severe kyphosis can result in significant back pain, stiffness, and tenderness over the area of the spine that is curved. In extreme cases, kyphosis can lead to breathing difficulties and affect heart function.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of kyphosis involves a comprehensive physical examination, including a detailed assessment of the spine. Radiography is usually the first-line imaging technique to visualize the spine and measure the degree of curvature. More advanced imaging techniques, such as Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), may be necessary in certain cases to better understand the structural abnormalities of the spine and plan for possible surgical intervention.

Treatment

• The treatment of kyphosis largely depends on the cause, the age of the patient, the severity of the curve, and the presence of symptoms:
• Observation: For mild cases of kyphosis or those without any significant symptoms, regular monitoring may be all that is needed.
• Physical Therapy: Specific exercises can help strengthen the muscles of the back and improve posture.
• Bracing: In growing adolescents with kyphosis, wearing a brace can help prevent further progression of the curve.
• Surgery: This is usually reserved for severe cases of kyphosis, especially when associated with neurological symptoms or when the curvature is rapidly progressing.

Prognosis

The prognosis of kyphosis depends on its cause and severity. With appropriate treatment, most individuals with kyphosis lead normal lives. However, severe cases can lead to significant health issues if left untreated.

See Also

• Scoliosis
• Spinal disc herniation
• Osteoporosis
• Congenital disorder

References

<references>

• Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. (2013). Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Children's Orthopaedics, 7(1), 3-9.
• Bradford DS, Moe JH, Montalvo FJ, Winter RB. (1974). Scheuermann's kyphosis and roundback deformity. Results of Milwaukee brace treatment. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume, 56(4), 740-758.
• Widmann RF, Bitan FD, Laplaza FJ, Burke SW, DiMaio MF, Schneider R. (1999). Spinal deformity, pulmonary compromise, and surgical treatment in mucopolysaccharidosis. The Journal of pediatric orthopedics,

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