Elevated liver enzymes

Elevated liver enzymes refer to levels of enzymes in the blood that are higher than what is normally expected. These enzymes are proteins that help to speed up chemical reactions in the liver. The most commonly measured enzymes are Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST), but others include Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Elevated liver enzymes can indicate inflammation or damage to liver cells and can be a sign of a variety of liver diseases or conditions.

Causes

Elevated liver enzymes can be caused by a wide range of conditions and substances. Some common causes include:

• Viral hepatitis (such as Hepatitis A, B, or C)
• Alcoholic liver disease
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Cirrhosis
• Liver cancer
• Use of certain medications (such as acetaminophen, statins, or antibiotics)
• Obesity
• Celiac disease
• Hemochromatosis

Symptoms

Often, elevated liver enzymes are discovered during routine blood tests as part of a physical examination. In many cases, individuals may not exhibit any symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Abdominal pain or discomfort
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
• Swelling in the legs and abdomen

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of elevated liver enzymes typically begins with a blood test called a liver panel, which measures levels of ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT. If elevated levels are found, further testing may be required to determine the underlying cause. This can include:

• More detailed blood tests
• Imaging tests such as an ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI
• Liver biopsy

Treatment

Treatment for elevated liver enzymes depends on the underlying cause. Some general approaches may include:

• Discontinuing or changing medications that may be causing liver enzyme elevation
• Treating any underlying liver disease, such as hepatitis
• Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, reducing alcohol consumption, and eating a healthy diet

Prevention

Preventing elevated liver enzymes involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding known risk factors for liver disease. Recommendations include:

• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Vaccination against hepatitis A and B
• Avoiding high-risk behaviors that can lead to hepatitis infection
• Regularly monitoring medications that can affect liver health