Flat-foot

Flat-foot

Flat-foot, also known as pes planus or fallen arches, is a condition in which the arch of the foot collapses, resulting in the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near-complete contact with the ground. This condition can be congenital or acquired and can affect one or both feet.

Anatomy and Physiology

The human foot is a complex structure composed of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. The arch of the foot is formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, which are supported by tendons and ligaments. The arch provides a spring to the step and helps in distributing body weight across the feet and legs. In individuals with flat-foot, this arch is either absent or significantly reduced.

Causes

Flat-foot can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Genetic predisposition: Some individuals are born with flat feet due to hereditary factors.
• Injury: Trauma to the foot or ankle can lead to flat-foot.
• Arthritis: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can affect the joints in the foot, leading to flat-foot.
• Obesity: Excess weight can put additional stress on the arches, leading to their collapse.
• Tendon dysfunction: Dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon, which supports the arch, can result in flat-foot.

Symptoms

Many individuals with flat-foot experience no symptoms. However, some may experience:

• Pain in the foot, particularly in the heel or arch area.
• Swelling along the inside of the ankle.
• Difficulty standing on tiptoe.
• Foot fatigue after prolonged standing or walking.

Diagnosis

Flat-foot is typically diagnosed through a physical examination. A healthcare provider may observe the foot while the patient stands and walks. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be used to assess the structure of the foot and identify any underlying causes.

Treatment

Treatment for flat-foot depends on the severity of the condition and the presence of symptoms. Options include:

• Orthotic devices: Custom or over-the-counter arch supports can help alleviate symptoms.
• Physical therapy: Exercises to strengthen the muscles and tendons of the foot can be beneficial.
• Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help reduce pain and inflammation.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct the deformity.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with flat-foot varies. Many people live without any significant issues, while others may experience chronic pain or mobility problems. Early intervention and treatment can improve outcomes.

Also see

• Foot anatomy
• Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
• Orthotic devices
• Rheumatoid arthritis