Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a complex condition characterized by hemolytic anemia, acute kidney failure (uremia), and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). It predominantly, but not exclusively, affects children. Most cases are caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, which produces toxins that damage the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, causing a chain of reaction that results in hemolytic anemia and kidney failure.

Causes

The most common cause of HUS is infection with E. coli bacteria, specifically strain O157:H7, which produces Shiga toxin. Other strains of E. coli and other bacteria can also cause HUS. In some cases, HUS is genetic, caused by mutations in certain genes involved in the regulation of the complement system, a part of the body's immune system.

Symptoms

Symptoms of HUS can vary, but often include bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. As the disease progresses, patients may develop pallor, fatigue, and irritability due to anemia, as well as decreased urine output and swelling in the face, hands, feet, or entire body due to kidney failure.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of HUS is based on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. The latter may include a complete blood count, kidney function tests, and stool culture to identify E. coli or other bacteria.

Treatment

Treatment of HUS is primarily supportive, including hydration, electrolyte management, and in severe cases, kidney dialysis. Antibiotics are not typically used, as they may increase the risk of HUS by promoting the release of Shiga toxin. In cases of genetic HUS, a drug called eculizumab, which inhibits the complement system, may be used.

Prognosis

The prognosis of HUS varies. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most children recover completely, but some may have long-term kidney damage or other complications.

See also

• Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
• Escherichia coli O157:H7
• Kidney failure
• Anemia

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Resources
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