List of nerves of the body

List of Nerves of the Body

The human body is a complex network of nerves, which are crucial for transmitting signals between different parts of the body and the brain. This article provides a comprehensive list of the major nerves in the body, their functions, and their significance in the human nervous system.

Central Nervous System

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. It acts as the control center for the body, processing information and sending commands.

Brain Nerves

The brain contains twelve cranial nerves, each with specific functions:

1. Olfactory nerve - responsible for the sense of smell.
2. Optic nerve - responsible for vision.
3. Oculomotor nerve - controls most of the eye's movements, the constriction of the pupil, and maintains an open eyelid.
4. Trochlear nerve - controls the superior oblique muscle of the eye, which helps in rotational movement.
5. Trigeminal nerve - responsible for facial sensations and motor functions such as biting and chewing.
6. Abducens nerve - controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, which is involved in outward gaze.
7. Facial nerve - controls facial expressions, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
8. Vestibulocochlear nerve - responsible for hearing and balance.
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve - involved in swallowing, saliva production, and the conveyance of taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue.
10. Vagus nerve - controls the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
11. Accessory nerve - controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, affecting head movement and shoulder elevation.
12. Hypoglossal nerve - controls tongue movements.

Spinal Cord Nerves

The spinal cord is connected to a series of spinal nerves that branch out to the rest of the body. These are categorized into:

• Cervical nerves (C1-C8) - serving the head, neck, and arms.
• Thoracic nerves (T1-T12) - serving the torso and parts of the arms.
• Lumbar nerves (L1-L5) - serving the lower back and legs.
• Sacral nerves (S1-S5) - serving the pelvis and legs.
• Coccygeal nerve - the single nerve at the base of the spinal cord.

Peripheral Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. It is divided into the Somatic Nervous System, which controls voluntary movements, and the Autonomic Nervous System, which controls involuntary functions.

Somatic Nervous System

This system includes all the nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors. External sense organs (like the skin) are connected to the CNS through these nerves.

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System, which work in opposition to maintain homeostasis. It controls functions like heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal.

Significance of Nerves

Nerves are essential for the functioning of the body, enabling sensations, movements, and the regulation of bodily functions. Damage to any nerve can result in loss of function, pain, or paralysis.