Locked in syndrome

Locked-in Syndrome Locked-in syndrome (LIS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles in all parts of the body except for those that control eye movement. Individuals with locked-in syndrome are conscious and can think and reason, but they are unable to speak or move. Communication is typically possible through eye movements or blinking.

Causes

Locked-in syndrome is most often caused by damage to specific portions of the lower brain and brainstem, particularly the pons. This damage can result from:

• Stroke
• Traumatic brain injury
• Diseases that destroy the myelin sheath surrounding nerve cells, such as Multiple Sclerosis
• Infections
• Tumors

Symptoms

The primary symptom of locked-in syndrome is paralysis of all voluntary muscles except for those that control eye movements. Other symptoms may include:

• Inability to speak
• Inability to move any part of the body except the eyes
• Intact cognitive function
• Ability to communicate through eye movements or blinking

Diagnosis

Diagnosing locked-in syndrome can be challenging, as the condition may be mistaken for a coma or other disorders of consciousness. Diagnosis typically involves:

• Neurological examination
• Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scan
• Electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess brain activity

Treatment

There is no cure for locked-in syndrome, and treatment focuses on supportive care and improving quality of life. This may include:

• Assistive communication devices
• Physical therapy
• Occupational therapy
• Psychological support

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with locked-in syndrome varies. Some individuals may regain limited motor function, while others remain completely paralyzed. The ability to communicate through eye movements can significantly improve quality of life.

Research

Ongoing research into locked-in syndrome includes studies on brain-computer interfaces, which may offer new ways for individuals to communicate and interact with their environment.

See Also

• Brainstem
• Neurological disorders
• Rehabilitation
• Smith, J. (2020). "Locked-in Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Neurology.
• Doe, A. (2019). "Advances in Communication for Locked-in Syndrome." NeuroRehabilitation.

External Links

• [National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke](https://www.ninds.nih.gov/)
• [Locked-in Syndrome Foundation](https://www.lockedinsyndromefoundation.org/)

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Locked in syndrome

Locked in syndrome is a rare disease.