Salicylate poisoning

Salicylate Poisoning: Overview and Clinical Relevance

Salicylate poisoning refers to the toxic effects resulting from the excessive ingestion of salicylates, most commonly in the form of aspirin. Given the widespread availability of aspirin and its common use as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory, understanding the signs, symptoms, and management of salicylate poisoning is crucial for healthcare providers.

A bottle of aspirin tablets, the most common source of salicylate poisoning.

Definition

Salicylate poisoning occurs when the amount of salicylate in the body exceeds the liver's ability to metabolize it, leading to a dangerous accumulation in the blood.

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary cause of salicylate poisoning is:

• Overconsumption of aspirin or salicylate-containing medications.
• Prolonged use at high doses.
• Accidental ingestion, especially in children.

Other less common sources of salicylates include:

• Topical pain relievers.
• Certain cosmetics and shampoos.
• Some herbal remedies.

Signs and Symptoms

The clinical presentation of salicylate poisoning can vary, but common symptoms include:

• Tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
• Hyperventilation.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Sweating.
• Fever.
• Confusion or altered mental status.

In severe cases, complications such as respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and multiple organ failure can occur.

Diagnosis

A clinical diagnosis is typically based on:

• Patient history of salicylate ingestion.
• Symptomatic presentation.
• Laboratory tests confirming elevated salicylate levels in the blood.

Treatment and Management

Immediate medical attention is essential for suspected cases of salicylate poisoning. Treatment options include:

• Activated charcoal: Administered orally to bind salicylates in the stomach and reduce absorption.
• Alkalinization of urine: Using intravenous sodium bicarbonate to enhance salicylate elimination.
• Supportive care: Including rehydration and correction of electrolyte imbalances.
• Hemodialysis: In severe cases, to rapidly remove salicylates from the blood.

Prevention

Preventative measures involve:

• Safe storage of medications out of children's reach.
• Reading medication labels to avoid inadvertent overdose.
• Educating the public about the risks of excessive aspirin consumption.

Safe storage of medications can help prevent accidental ingestion.

See Also

• Toxicology
• Aspirin
• Overdose

References

Salicylate poisoning Resources
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