Chemical defenses in Cannabis

Close up of another cannabis plant

Chemical defenses in Cannabis

Cannabis plants have evolved a variety of chemical defenses to protect themselves from herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stressors. These chemical compounds are primarily produced in the glandular trichomes of the plant and include cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids.

Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain. The most well-known cannabinoids are tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, while CBD is known for its potential therapeutic effects without the psychoactive properties.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

THC is believed to serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores and insects. Its psychoactive properties can deter animals from consuming the plant. Additionally, THC has been shown to have antimicrobial properties, which can protect the plant from certain pathogens.

Cannabidiol (CBD)

CBD is another major cannabinoid found in cannabis. While it does not have the psychoactive effects of THC, it has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These properties may help the plant to mitigate damage from environmental stressors such as UV radiation and oxidative stress.

Terpenes

Terpenes are aromatic compounds found in many plants, including cannabis. They contribute to the plant's scent and flavor and play a role in its defense mechanisms. Some common terpenes found in cannabis include myrcene, limonene, and pinene.

Myrcene

Myrcene is the most abundant terpene in many cannabis strains. It has a musky, earthy aroma and is believed to have sedative effects. Myrcene may also enhance the psychoactive effects of THC.

Limonene

Limonene has a citrusy aroma and is known for its potential anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects. It also has antifungal and antibacterial properties, which can help protect the plant from pathogens.

Pinene

Pinene has a pine-like aroma and is known for its anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator effects. It can also act as an insect repellent, helping to protect the plant from herbivores.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are a group of phytonutrients found in many plants, including cannabis. They contribute to the plant's color and have various potential health benefits. Some flavonoids found in cannabis include quercetin, kaempferol, and cannflavin.

Quercetin

Quercetin is a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help protect the plant from UV radiation and oxidative stress.

Kaempferol

Kaempferol is another flavonoid with antioxidant properties. It may also have antimicrobial effects, helping to protect the plant from pathogens.

Cannflavin

Cannflavin is a unique flavonoid found in cannabis that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. It may help the plant to mitigate damage from environmental stressors.

Conclusion

The chemical defenses in cannabis, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, play a crucial role in protecting the plant from herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stressors. These compounds not only contribute to the plant's survival but also have potential therapeutic benefits for humans.

See also

• Cannabis cultivation
• Cannabis strains
• Cannabis sativa
• Cannabis indica
• Cannabis ruderalis