Disorders of calcium metabolism

From WikiMD.com Medical Encyclopedia

Dr.Prab.jpg

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
Founder, WikiMD Wellnesspedia &
W8MD medical weight loss NYC and sleep center NYC

Disorders of calcium metabolism
Ca-TableImage.svg
Synonyms N/A
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Muscle cramps, tetany, osteoporosis, kidney stones, neurological symptoms
Complications Cardiac arrhythmias, osteomalacia, nephrocalcinosis
Onset Varies depending on the specific disorder
Duration Chronic or acute
Types N/A
Causes Hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, malabsorption
Risks Genetic predisposition, dietary factors, medications
Diagnosis Serum calcium test, parathyroid hormone levels, vitamin D levels, bone density scan
Differential diagnosis Hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone
Prevention N/A
Treatment Calcium supplements, vitamin D therapy, bisphosphonates, parathyroidectomy
Medication Calcitriol, calcium carbonate, alendronate
Prognosis Varies; depends on underlying cause and treatment
Frequency Common, especially in older adults
Deaths N/A


Disorders of calcium metabolism are a group of medical conditions that affect the regulation of calcium levels in the body. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting. The balance of calcium in the body is tightly regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and the kidneys.

Calcium Homeostasis[edit | edit source]

Calcium homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable concentration of calcium ions in the blood and extracellular fluid. The normal serum calcium level is approximately 8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL. The regulation of calcium involves:

  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Secreted by the parathyroid glands, PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, increasing renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and activating vitamin D.
  • Vitamin D: Enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate.
  • Calcitonin: Secreted by the thyroid gland, it lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity.

Types of Disorders[edit | edit source]

Hypercalcemia[edit | edit source]

Hypercalcemia is a condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. Common causes include:

  • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Overactivity of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
  • Malignancy: Certain cancers can cause hypercalcemia through bone metastasis or secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP).
  • Vitamin D Toxicity: Excessive intake of vitamin D supplements.

Symptoms of hypercalcemia can include nausea, vomiting, constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, and in severe cases, cardiac arrhythmias.

Hypocalcemia[edit | edit source]

Hypocalcemia is defined as a low level of calcium in the blood. Causes include:

  • Hypoparathyroidism: Reduced secretion of PTH.
  • Vitamin D Deficiency: Due to inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight, or malabsorption.
  • Chronic Kidney Disease: Impaired conversion of vitamin D to its active form.

Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include muscle cramps, tetany, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

The diagnosis of calcium metabolism disorders involves:

  • Serum Calcium Measurement: Total and ionized calcium levels.
  • PTH Levels: To assess parathyroid function.
  • Vitamin D Levels: To evaluate vitamin D status.
  • Renal Function Tests: To assess kidney function.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Treatment of calcium metabolism disorders depends on the underlying cause:

  • Hypercalcemia: May require hydration, diuretics, bisphosphonates, or calcitonin.
  • Hypocalcemia: Treated with calcium supplements and vitamin D.

See also[edit | edit source]

Template:Disorders of calcium metabolism

WikiMD
Navigation: Wellness - Encyclopedia - Health topics - Disease Index‏‎ - Drugs - World Directory - Gray's Anatomy - Keto diet - Recipes

Search WikiMD

Ad.Tired of being Overweight? Try W8MD's physician weight loss program.
Semaglutide (Ozempic / Wegovy and Tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound) available.
Advertise on WikiMD

WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia

Let Food Be Thy Medicine
Medicine Thy Food - Hippocrates

Medical Disclaimer: WikiMD is not a substitute for professional medical advice. The information on WikiMD is provided as an information resource only, may be incorrect, outdated or misleading, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. Please consult your health care provider before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition. WikiMD expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by WikiMD. If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter or use this site. See full disclaimer.
Credits:Most images are courtesy of Wikimedia commons, and templates, categories Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY SA or similar.

Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD