Feline infectious peritonitis

FIPHisto1

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal, viral disease that affects cats. It is caused by certain strains of the Feline Coronavirus (FCoV), which can mutate into a virulent form known as Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus (FIPV). The disease is characterized by widespread inflammation in various organs of the body, leading to a buildup of fluid within the abdomen or chest, among other symptoms. FIP is a complex disease that is divided into two forms: effusive (wet) and noneffusive (dry). Both forms are lethal if not treated, and even with treatment, the prognosis is often poor.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of FIP can vary widely but generally include prolonged fever that does not respond to antibiotics, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, and in the effusive form, an accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or chest leading to difficulty breathing. In the noneffusive form, symptoms can include eye inflammation, neurological symptoms, and organ failure.

Diagnosis of FIP is challenging due to the nonspecific nature of its symptoms and the lack of a definitive diagnostic test. It is often based on a combination of clinical signs, hematological tests, and more specific assays like antibody tests for FCoV, although a high antibody titer does not confirm FIP but only exposure to the virus. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound and X-rays can be used to detect fluid accumulation. A definitive diagnosis can sometimes be made through histopathological examination of affected tissues.

Transmission and Prevention

FIP is not directly contagious from cat to cat. Instead, cats are primarily infected with a benign form of FCoV, which can mutate into FIPV within the cat. The initial FCoV infection is highly contagious and is transmitted through feces, with litter boxes being a common source of infection. Preventing FIP involves minimizing exposure to FCoV by maintaining good hygiene, avoiding overcrowded living conditions, and keeping FCoV-positive cats separate from negative ones. Recently, vaccines have been developed, but their efficacy and availability vary by region.

Treatment

Historically, treatment for FIP was limited to supportive care and management of symptoms, as there was no cure. This included fluid drainage, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive nutrition. However, recent advances have led to the development of antiviral drugs that can effectively treat FIP. These drugs, while promising, are often expensive and may not be available in all areas.

Prognosis

The prognosis for cats diagnosed with FIP was historically very poor, with most cats succumbing to the disease within weeks to months of diagnosis. However, with the advent of new antiviral treatments, some cats can now achieve remission. The prognosis varies depending on the form of the disease, with the noneffusive form generally having a slightly better outlook than the effusive form.

Conclusion

Feline Infectious Peritonitis remains one of the most challenging diseases in feline medicine due to its lethal nature, complex diagnosis, and previously limited treatment options. Ongoing research into FCoV and FIPV, as well as advancements in treatment, offer hope for more effective management and outcomes for affected cats.