Bloodstream infection

From WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia

Bloodstream Infection

A bloodstream infection (BSI) occurs when a pathogenic microorganism enters the blood and causes a systemic inflammatory response. Bloodstream infections can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites entering the bloodstream, leading to potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis and septic shock. These infections are a major concern in healthcare settings due to their association with high morbidity and mortality rates.

Causes and Risk Factors[edit | edit source]

Bloodstream infections can be primary, with no apparent source, or secondary, resulting from an infection in another part of the body. Common causes include:

Risk factors for developing a bloodstream infection include:

  • Hospitalization, especially in intensive care units (ICU) where central venous catheters are used.
  • Immunosuppression, due to conditions like cancer, diabetes, or treatments such as chemotherapy.
  • Recent surgery or invasive medical procedures.
  • Age, with very young and elderly individuals being at higher risk.

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

Symptoms of a bloodstream infection can vary but often include:

  • Fever and chills
  • Rapid breathing and heart rate
  • Low blood pressure
  • Confusion or altered mental status
  • Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis of a bloodstream infection involves:

  • Blood cultures to identify the causative organism.
  • Complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests to assess the body's response to infection.
  • Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, to locate the source of infection if it is secondary.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Treatment of bloodstream infections typically involves:

  • Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals, or antiparasitic medications, depending on the type of organism causing the infection.
  • Removal or replacement of any infected intravenous lines or medical devices.
  • Supportive care, including fluids and medications to maintain blood pressure and organ function.

Prevention[edit | edit source]

Preventive measures against bloodstream infections include:

  • Strict adherence to hand hygiene and aseptic techniques by healthcare providers.
  • Careful management and timely removal of intravenous lines and catheters.
  • Surveillance and infection control programs in healthcare facilities.

Complications[edit | edit source]

Complications of bloodstream infections can be severe and include:

  • Sepsis and septic shock, leading to multiple organ failure.
  • Localized infections, such as endocarditis or osteomyelitis, resulting from the spread of infection.
  • Long-term health issues or disability resulting from severe sepsis.

See Also[edit | edit source]


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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD