Bloodstream infection
Bloodstream Infection
A bloodstream infection (BSI) occurs when a pathogenic microorganism enters the blood and causes a systemic inflammatory response. Bloodstream infections can result from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites entering the bloodstream, leading to potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis and septic shock. These infections are a major concern in healthcare settings due to their association with high morbidity and mortality rates.
Causes and Risk Factors[edit | edit source]
Bloodstream infections can be primary, with no apparent source, or secondary, resulting from an infection in another part of the body. Common causes include:
- Bacterial infections, with organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and various species of Streptococcus and Enterococcus.
- Viral infections, including HIV and Hepatitis C.
- Fungal infections, notably by Candida species.
- Parasitic infections, though less common, can also lead to BSIs.
Risk factors for developing a bloodstream infection include:
- Hospitalization, especially in intensive care units (ICU) where central venous catheters are used.
- Immunosuppression, due to conditions like cancer, diabetes, or treatments such as chemotherapy.
- Recent surgery or invasive medical procedures.
- Age, with very young and elderly individuals being at higher risk.
Symptoms[edit | edit source]
Symptoms of a bloodstream infection can vary but often include:
- Fever and chills
- Rapid breathing and heart rate
- Low blood pressure
- Confusion or altered mental status
- Fatigue and weakness
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of a bloodstream infection involves:
- Blood cultures to identify the causative organism.
- Complete blood count (CBC) and other blood tests to assess the body's response to infection.
- Imaging studies, such as X-rays or CT scans, to locate the source of infection if it is secondary.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
Treatment of bloodstream infections typically involves:
- Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals, or antiparasitic medications, depending on the type of organism causing the infection.
- Removal or replacement of any infected intravenous lines or medical devices.
- Supportive care, including fluids and medications to maintain blood pressure and organ function.
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Preventive measures against bloodstream infections include:
- Strict adherence to hand hygiene and aseptic techniques by healthcare providers.
- Careful management and timely removal of intravenous lines and catheters.
- Surveillance and infection control programs in healthcare facilities.
Complications[edit | edit source]
Complications of bloodstream infections can be severe and include:
- Sepsis and septic shock, leading to multiple organ failure.
- Localized infections, such as endocarditis or osteomyelitis, resulting from the spread of infection.
- Long-term health issues or disability resulting from severe sepsis.
See Also[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD