Intellectual Disability

Intellectual Disability (ID), also known as general learning disability and formerly referred to as mental retardation (a term now considered outdated and offensive), is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ score under 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living.

Definition and Diagnosis

Intellectual disability is identified by problems in both intellectual and adaptive functioning. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria require deficits in intellectual functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. These deficits are confirmed by both clinical assessment and standardized intelligence testing. Adaptive functioning deficits are identified in one or more activities of daily life such as communication, social participation, and independent living across multiple environments such as home, school, work, and community. The onset of these symptoms must occur during the developmental period.

Causes

The causes of intellectual disability are varied and can include genetic conditions (such as Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome), problems during pregnancy and birth (like fetal alcohol syndrome or the effects of prematurity), and health problems acquired in childhood (such as whooping cough, measles, or meningitis). Environmental factors, including malnutrition, exposure to toxins, and lack of stimulation, can also contribute to the development of ID.

Management

Management of intellectual disability involves educational programs tailored to the individual's needs, skills training, and support for the family. Early intervention programs beginning in infancy can provide critical support for children with ID and their families. In addition, therapies such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, and physical therapy can be beneficial. Medications may be used to treat associated conditions or symptoms, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or epilepsy.

Social and Legal Aspects

Individuals with intellectual disability may face challenges in social inclusion and equal access to education and employment. Advocacy for the rights of people with intellectual disabilities has led to significant changes in public policies and laws, promoting inclusion, accessibility, and equal opportunities. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is an important international treaty that addresses the rights of people with disabilities, including those with intellectual disabilities.

See Also

• Special education
• Developmental disability
• Adaptive behavior
• Cognitive development