Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome

Synonyms	Axenfeld syndrome, Hagedoom syndrome
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Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, which affects the development of the teeth, eyes, and abdominal region.

Pathophysiology

Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

The molecular genetics of Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome are poorly understood, but center on three genes identified by cloning of chromosomal breakpoints from patients.

This disorder is inheritable as an autosomal dominant trait, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and only one copy of the gene is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who has the disorder. As shown in the diagram, this gives a 50/50 chance of offspring inheriting the condition from an affected parent. ^{(November 2016)}

Diagnosis

Although most recognized for its correlation with the onset of glaucoma, the malformation is not limited to the eye, as Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome when associated with the PITX2 genetic mutation usually presents congenital malformations of the face, teeth, and skeletal system.

The most characteristic feature affecting the eye is a distinct corneal posterior arcuate ring, known as an "embryotoxon". In severe cases iris may be adherent to the cornea anterior to the Schwalbe's line.

One of the three known genetic mutations which cause Rieger syndrome can be identified through genetic samples analysis. About 40% of Axenfeld–Rieger sufferers have displayed mutations in genes PITX2, FOXC1, and PAX6. The difference between Type 1, 2, and 3 Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome is the genetic cause, all three types display the same symptoms and abnormalities.

Classification

The OMIM classification is as follows:

Type	OMIM	Gene
Type 1	Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 180500	PITX2
Type 2	Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 601499	possibly FOXO1A
Type 3	Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 602482	FOXC1
DeHauwere syndrome	Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 109120	Unknown

Detection of any of these mutations can give patients a clear diagnosis and prenatal procedures such as preimplantation genetic diagnosis, chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis can be offered to patients and prospective parents.

Eponym

It is named after the German ophthalmologist Theodor Axenfeld who studied anterior segment disorders, especially those such as Rieger syndrome and the Axenfeld anomaly. ^{(November 2016)}

Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome is characterized by abnormalities of the eyes, teeth, and facial structure. Rieger syndrome, by medical definition, is determined by the presence of malformed teeth, underdeveloped anterior segment of the eyes, and cardiac problems associated with the Axenfeld anomaly. The term "Rieger syndrome" is sometimes used to indicate an association with glaucoma. Glaucoma occurs in up to 50% of patients with Rieger syndrome. Glaucoma develops during adolescence or late childhood, but often occurs in infancy. In addition, a prominent Schwalbe's line, an opaque ring around the cornea known as posterior embryotoxon, may arise with hypoplasia of the iris. Below average height and stature, stunted development of the mid-facial features and mental deficiencies may also be observed in patients.

See also

• Primary juvenile glaucoma
• SHORT syndrome
• Autosome
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Amniocentesis
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Further reading

,

 The Molecular Mechanisms of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome, 
  
 Springer, 
 2005, 
 Series: Medical Intelligence Unit, 
  
 ISBN 978-0-387-28672-3, 
 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-28672-1,

,

 Textbook of Ophthalmology, 
  
 Jaypee Brothers, 
 2002, 
  
  
 ISBN 978-81-7179-884-1, 
  
  
  
 Pages: 1049–51,

,

 Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. A spectrum of developmental disorders, 
 Survey of Ophthalmology, 
 1985, 
 Vol. 29(Issue: 6), 
 pp. 387–409, 
 DOI: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90205-X, 
 PMID: 3892740,

,

 Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome in the age of molecular genetics, 
 American Journal of Ophthalmology, 
 2000, 
 Vol. 130(Issue: 1), 
 pp. 107–15, 
 DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00525-0, 
 PMID: 11004268,

External links

Classification	DiseasesDB: 30800
External resources

• Axenfeld Rieger syndrome at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases

• Axenfeld Rieger anomaly with cardiac defects and sensorineural hearing loss at NIH's Office of Rare Diseases

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