COX-2
| Cyclooxygenase-2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 250px Structure of COX-2 enzyme | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 1.14.99.1 | ||||||||
| CAS number | 9007-96-7 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| Gene Ontology | AmiGO / QuickGO | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a significant role in the inflammatory response and is a target for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is one of the two main isoforms of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, the other being COX-1.
Function[edit | edit source]
COX-2 is an inducible enzyme, meaning its expression is increased in response to inflammatory stimuli. It catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which are lipid compounds that have diverse hormone-like effects in animals. Prostaglandins produced by COX-2 are involved in mediating inflammation, pain, and fever.
Structure[edit | edit source]
COX-2 is a homodimeric enzyme, meaning it consists of two identical subunits. Each subunit contains a heme group that is essential for its enzymatic activity. The enzyme is located in the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope of cells.
Clinical Significance[edit | edit source]
COX-2 is a target for NSAIDs, which are drugs commonly used to reduce inflammation and pain. Traditional NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and aspirin, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, which can lead to side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding. Selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib, were developed to reduce these side effects by specifically targeting COX-2.
Regulation[edit | edit source]
The expression of COX-2 is regulated by various cytokines, growth factors, and tumor promoters. It is upregulated in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α).
Role in Disease[edit | edit source]
Overexpression of COX-2 has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. In cancer, COX-2 is thought to promote tumor growth and metastasis by stimulating angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
