Cervix

Cervix

The cervix, also known as the uterine cervix, is a crucial component of the female reproductive system. Situated as the lowermost part of the uterus, it extends into the vaginal canal, serving as a conduit between the external and internal reproductive organs.

Cervix uteri, breastfeeding woman after 2 births

Uterus and nearby organs

Uterine prolapse - standing

Cervix

Anatomy and Structure

The cervix is cylindrical in shape, measuring approximately 2-3 centimeters in length. It is primarily composed of fibromuscular tissue and connects the larger part of the uterus (the body) to the vagina. Anatomically, it can be divided into two primary regions:

• External os: This is the outermost portion of the cervix that is visible during a gynecological examination and leads into the vaginal canal.
• Internal os: This portion connects the cervix to the main body of the uterus.

Between these two openings is the cervical canal, which provides a pathway for menstrual blood, sperm, and, during childbirth, the baby.

Function and Role in Reproduction

The cervix plays multiple critical roles in the female reproductive cycle:

• Barrier to Infection: The cervix produces mucus that can prevent harmful bacteria and other pathogens from entering the uterus.
• Menstrual Regulation: During menstruation, the cervix widens slightly to allow for the passage of menstrual blood.
• Sperm Passage: Post sexual intercourse, the cervix assists in guiding sperm through the cervical canal and into the uterus to potentially fertilize an ovum, or egg.
• Pregnancy and Childbirth: During pregnancy, the cervix remains tightly closed, helping to keep the fetus inside the uterus until the time of delivery. As childbirth nears, the cervix undergoes effacement (thinning out) and dilation (opening) to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal.

Clinical Significance

The cervix is a critical focus in women's health. Regular cervical screenings can detect changes in cervical cells that may indicate the presence of precancerous conditions. Persistent infection with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a primary cause of these cellular changes, leading to cervical cancer if untreated. Therefore, monitoring the health of the cervix, through methods such as Pap smears and HPV testing, is crucial in the early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.

Additionally, procedures such as cervical cerclage are used to treat conditions like cervical insufficiency, where the cervix starts to open prematurely during pregnancy.

Summary

The cervix is indispensable in the reproductive processes and overall gynecological health of females. Its complex roles in menstruation, fertility, and childbirth underscore its significance. Regular medical examinations and understanding its functions are pivotal for maintaining reproductive health.

See also

• Uterus
• Vaginal canal
• Reproductive cycle
• Pregnancy
• Ovum
• Menstruation

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