Ethionamide
Ethionamide is a second-line antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), particularly in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). It is not used as monotherapy but rather in combination with other antituberculosis agents to prevent the development of resistance.
Ethionamide has been associated with transient, asymptomatic elevations in serum aminotransferase levels and, in rare cases, can cause acute hepatotoxicity. Liver injury, although uncommon, can be severe.
Mechanism of Action[edit | edit source]
Ethionamide (pronounced eth-eye-on'-uh-mide) is classified as a thio-isonicotinamide compound and is structurally related to isoniazid. Like isoniazid, ethionamide is a prodrug—it must undergo activation within the mycobacterial cell to become pharmacologically active.
- The activated form of ethionamide inhibits the enzyme enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA), which is essential for mycolic acid synthesis, a key component of the mycobacterial cell wall.
- Despite structural similarity to isoniazid, ethionamide is activated by different mycobacterial enzymes, resulting in minimal cross-resistance between the two drugs.
- Because of this, ethionamide and isoniazid can be used together in combination regimens for MDR-TB.
Indications[edit | edit source]
Ethionamide is used in:
- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB): Typically administered in combination with agents such as isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide
- Cases where first-line agents are contraindicated or ineffective
- Lepromatous leprosy: As an adjunctive treatment due to its antimycobacterial properties
Dosage and Administration[edit | edit source]
Ethionamide is available in 250 mg oral tablets, marketed under various generic names and the brand name Trecator.
- Initial dose: 250 mg twice daily
- Maintenance dose: Gradually increased to 15–20 mg/kg/day, divided into two or three doses
- Maximum daily dose: 1 gram
- Adjunctive therapy: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6, 50 mg/day) is often co-administered to reduce the risk of neurotoxicity
Adverse Effects[edit | edit source]
Common side effects include:
- Gastrointestinal upset
- Nausea, diarrhea, anorexia
- Metallic taste, stomatitis
- Depression, drowsiness, and fatigue
Less common but serious side effects:
- Hepatotoxicity
- Peripheral neuropathy (more likely without pyridoxine supplementation)
- Hypothyroidism (especially in patients with co-administration of PAS)
Pharmacology[edit | edit source]
- Absorption: Well absorbed orally
- Metabolism: Primarily hepatic
- Elimination: Metabolites excreted via urine
- Half-life: Approximately 2–3 hours
Precautions and Monitoring[edit | edit source]
- Liver function tests (LFTs) should be monitored regularly during treatment
- Neurological monitoring is important due to risk of neurotoxicity
- Caution in patients with hepatic impairment or history of mental illness
Availability[edit | edit source]
Ethionamide is listed by the World Health Organization as an essential medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is distributed globally through national TB programs and specialized infectious disease centers.
See Also[edit | edit source]
- Tuberculosis
- Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- Isoniazid
- Rifampin
- Leprosy
- Antituberculosis drugs
- Mycolic acid
Search WikiMD
Ad.Tired of being Overweight? Try W8MD's physician weight loss program.
Semaglutide (Ozempic / Wegovy and Tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound) available.
Advertise on WikiMD
WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia |
Let Food Be Thy Medicine Medicine Thy Food - Hippocrates |
Translate this page: - East Asian
中文,
日本,
한국어,
South Asian
हिन्दी,
தமிழ்,
తెలుగు,
Urdu,
ಕನ್ನಡ,
Southeast Asian
Indonesian,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
မြန်မာဘာသာ,
বাংলা
European
español,
Deutsch,
français,
Greek,
português do Brasil,
polski,
română,
русский,
Nederlands,
norsk,
svenska,
suomi,
Italian
Middle Eastern & African
عربى,
Turkish,
Persian,
Hebrew,
Afrikaans,
isiZulu,
Kiswahili,
Other
Bulgarian,
Hungarian,
Czech,
Swedish,
മലയാളം,
मराठी,
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ,
ગુજરાતી,
Portuguese,
Ukrainian
Medical Disclaimer: WikiMD is not a substitute for professional medical advice. The information on WikiMD is provided as an information resource only, may be incorrect, outdated or misleading, and is not to be used or relied on for any diagnostic or treatment purposes. Please consult your health care provider before making any healthcare decisions or for guidance about a specific medical condition. WikiMD expressly disclaims responsibility, and shall have no liability, for any damages, loss, injury, or liability whatsoever suffered as a result of your reliance on the information contained in this site. By visiting this site you agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, which may from time to time be changed or supplemented by WikiMD. If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter or use this site. See full disclaimer.
Credits:Most images are courtesy of Wikimedia commons, and templates, categories Wikipedia, licensed under CC BY SA or similar.
Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD, Spt