Phencyclidine (PCP)

Phencyclidine (PCP), also known as angel dust among other names, is a drug used for its mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, and violent behavior. As a recreational drug, it is typically smoked, but can also be ingested orally, snorted, or injected. It has a complex action on the brain, affecting multiple neurotransmitter systems, particularly acting as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

History

Phencyclidine was first synthesized in 1926 and was later developed by Parke-Davis in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. However, its use was discontinued in 1965 due to the high incidence of severe side effects, including hallucinations and delirium. Despite this, PCP found a new life as a street drug in the 1960s and 1970s.

Pharmacology

The primary action of PCP is as an NMDA receptor antagonist, which blocks the activity of the NMDA receptor and disrupts the normal function of glutamate, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Glutamate is involved in pain perception, the functioning of the memory, and the autonomic nervous system. PCP also interacts with other receptor systems, including dopamine, opioid, and nicotinic receptors, which may contribute to its complex range of effects.

Effects

PCP's effects vary significantly depending on the dose, route of administration, and individual user. Low to moderate doses may result in a feeling of detachment from one's environment, euphoria, and numbness in the extremities. Higher doses can cause hallucinations, paranoia, and aggressive behavior. The effects can last for several hours.

Health Risks

The use of PCP can lead to significant health risks, including acute anxiety, psychosis, and violent behavior. Long-term use can result in memory loss, difficulties with speech and thinking, depression, and weight loss. Overdose can lead to coma or death due to respiratory arrest.

Legal Status

PCP is classified as a Schedule II substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act, indicating it has a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence.

See Also

• Hallucinogen
• Dissociative
• Drug abuse
• NMDA receptor antagonist