Autoimmmune response
Autoimmune Response
The autoimmune response is a complex physiological process in which the body's immune system mistakenly identifies its own cells and tissues as foreign invaders and mounts an attack against them. This can lead to a variety of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system's actions cause damage to the body's own tissues.
Overview[edit | edit source]
The immune system is designed to protect the body from harmful pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. It does this by recognizing and responding to antigens, which are molecules found on the surface of these invaders. In a healthy immune system, there is a clear distinction between "self" and "non-self" antigens, allowing the body to target only harmful invaders.
In the case of an autoimmune response, this distinction is lost. The immune system begins to produce autoantibodies and activate T cells that target the body's own cells. This can result in inflammation and damage to tissues and organs, leading to the symptoms associated with autoimmune diseases.
Mechanisms[edit | edit source]
The exact mechanisms that lead to an autoimmune response are not fully understood, but several factors are believed to contribute:
- Genetic predisposition: Certain genetic factors can increase the likelihood of developing an autoimmune disease. Specific HLA (human leukocyte antigen) types have been associated with various autoimmune conditions.
- Environmental triggers: Infections, exposure to certain chemicals, and other environmental factors can trigger an autoimmune response in genetically susceptible individuals.
- Molecular mimicry: This occurs when foreign antigens share structural similarities with self-antigens, leading the immune system to attack both.
- Loss of immune tolerance: Normally, the immune system is tolerant to self-antigens. A breakdown in this tolerance can result in an autoimmune response.
Examples of Autoimmune Diseases[edit | edit source]
There are over 80 different autoimmune diseases, each affecting different parts of the body. Some common examples include:
- Rheumatoid arthritis: Affects the joints, causing inflammation and pain.
- Type 1 diabetes: Targets the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
- Multiple sclerosis: Affects the central nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus: Can affect multiple organs, including the skin, joints, and kidneys.
Diagnosis and Treatment[edit | edit source]
Diagnosing autoimmune diseases can be challenging due to the wide range of symptoms and overlap with other conditions. Diagnosis often involves a combination of:
- Medical history and physical examination
- Blood tests to detect autoantibodies
- Imaging studies to assess organ damage
Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms and reducing immune system activity. This can include:
- Immunosuppressive drugs: Medications that reduce immune system activity.
- Corticosteroids: Used to reduce inflammation.
- Biologic agents: Target specific components of the immune system.
Also see[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD