Mitral valve prolapse syndrome

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Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
Synonyms N/A
Pronounce N/A
Specialty N/A
Symptoms Palpitations, chest pain, fatigue
Complications Mitral regurgitation, arrhythmias
Onset
Duration
Types N/A
Causes Genetic factors, connective tissue disorders
Risks Family history, Marfan syndrome
Diagnosis Echocardiogram, auscultation
Differential diagnosis N/A
Prevention N/A
Treatment Lifestyle changes, medications, surgery
Medication N/A
Prognosis Generally good with treatment
Frequency
Deaths N/A


Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome (MVPS) is a condition characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium during systole. It is a common cardiac anomaly and can be associated with a variety of symptoms and complications.

Anatomy and Physiology[edit | edit source]

The mitral valve is one of the four valves in the heart, located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. It consists of two leaflets, the anterior and posterior, which open and close to regulate blood flow from the atrium to the ventricle. In mitral valve prolapse, one or both of these leaflets bulge back into the atrium during ventricular contraction.

Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]

Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the valve leaflets and the chordae tendineae (the tendons that anchor the leaflets to the papillary muscles of the heart) are abnormally stretchy or elongated. This can lead to improper closure of the valve, causing mitral regurgitation, where blood leaks backward into the left atrium.

Etiology[edit | edit source]

The exact cause of mitral valve prolapse is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to genetic factors and connective tissue disorders. Conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and other connective tissue diseases are associated with a higher incidence of MVPS.

Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

Many individuals with mitral valve prolapse are asymptomatic. However, some may experience symptoms such as:

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Mitral valve prolapse is often diagnosed during a physical examination when a physician detects a characteristic "click" or murmur upon auscultation of the heart. The definitive diagnosis is made using an echocardiogram, which can visualize the prolapse of the valve leaflets and assess the degree of mitral regurgitation.

Management[edit | edit source]

Treatment of mitral valve prolapse depends on the severity of symptoms and the presence of complications. Management strategies include:

Lifestyle Modifications[edit | edit source]

Patients are advised to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoidance of stimulants such as caffeine and tobacco.

Medications[edit | edit source]

  • Beta-blockers: Used to manage palpitations and chest pain.
  • Diuretics: May be prescribed if there is significant mitral regurgitation leading to heart failure symptoms.

Surgical Intervention[edit | edit source]

In severe cases, surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve may be necessary. Techniques such as mitral valve repair or mitral valve replacement are considered based on the extent of valve damage and regurgitation.

Prognosis[edit | edit source]

The prognosis for individuals with mitral valve prolapse is generally good, especially for those without significant mitral regurgitation or other complications. Regular follow-up with a cardiologist is recommended to monitor the condition.

Complications[edit | edit source]

Potential complications of mitral valve prolapse include:

Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

Mitral valve prolapse is a common condition, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population. It is more prevalent in women and can occur at any age, though it is often diagnosed in young adults.

See Also[edit | edit source]


Cardiovascular disease A-Z

Most common cardiac diseases

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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD