Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, commonly known as CPR, is a life-saving medical procedure that combines chest compressions and artificial respiration (rescue breaths) to maintain blood flow and oxygenation in individuals experiencing cardiac arrest or respiratory failure.

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Overview

CPR is a fundamental component of basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). It is typically performed when a person's heart stops beating (cardiac arrest) or when they stop breathing effectively (respiratory arrest). The goal of CPR is to maintain blood circulation and oxygen supply to the brain and other vital organs until more definitive medical treatment can restore normal heart and lung function.

Procedure

CPR consists of two main components: chest compressions and rescue breaths.

Chest Compressions

Chest compressions are performed by placing the heel of one hand over the lower half of the sternum (breastbone) and the other hand on top of the first. Using body weight, the rescuer compresses the chest downwards by at least 5cm (2 inches) for adults and by approximately one-third of the chest depth in infants and children. This action mimics the heart's function of pumping blood to the body and brain.

Rescue Breaths

Rescue breaths, or artificial respiration, involve giving breaths to the victim either mouth-to-mouth or using a barrier device. The goal is to oxygenate the blood and expel carbon dioxide. This is especially crucial in situations of respiratory arrest or drowning, where hypoxia, or lack of oxygen, is the primary problem.

Indications and Contraindications

CPR is indicated in any situation where a person is unresponsive and not breathing or not breathing normally. This includes conditions such as cardiac arrest, drowning, drug overdose, choking, and severe trauma. There are very few absolute contraindications to CPR, but situations such as a valid do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order or signs of irreversible death may warrant withholding or stopping resuscitation efforts.

Training and Certification

Organizations such as the American Heart Association (AHA), the Red Cross, and the Resuscitation Council offer training courses in CPR for both healthcare professionals and laypeople. These courses typically include practical training on manikins, theory classes, and an examination. Upon successful completion, participants receive a CPR certification.

Effectiveness and Prognosis

The effectiveness of CPR depends on various factors, including the cause of the cardiac arrest, the timeliness and quality of the CPR, and the victim's overall health. While CPR doesn't guarantee survival or full recovery, it significantly improves the victim's chances compared to no intervention.

See Also

• Basic life support
• Advanced cardiac life support
• Defibrillation
• Cardiac arrest
• American Heart Association

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Resources
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