Cerebral malaria

Cerebral Malaria is a severe form of malaria, a parasitic disease transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. It is characterized by the presence of parasite-infected red blood cells in the microvasculature of the brain, leading to a range of neurological symptoms and complications.

Etiology

Cerebral malaria is primarily caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly of the five species of Plasmodium that can infect humans. P. falciparum has a unique ability to cause the red blood cells it infects to adhere to the walls of small blood vessels, a process known as cytoadherence. This can lead to blockages in the blood vessels of the brain, causing cerebral malaria.

Symptoms

The symptoms of cerebral malaria can vary widely, but often include fever, headache, seizures, and altered mental status. In severe cases, it can lead to coma and death. Other complications can include respiratory distress, anemia, and kidney failure.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of cerebral malaria is typically made through a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory tests. The gold standard for diagnosis is the microscopic examination of a blood smear for the presence of P. falciparum parasites. Other diagnostic methods can include rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

Treatment

Treatment for cerebral malaria typically involves the use of antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). In severe cases, hospitalization and supportive care may be required.

Prevention

Prevention of cerebral malaria involves measures to prevent malaria in general, such as the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, indoor residual spraying, and antimalarial prophylaxis in high-risk areas.

See also

• Malaria
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Antimalarial drugs