Head of pancreas

Head of Pancreas

The head of the pancreas is a key component of the human digestive system, situated in the abdomen, closely associated with the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It plays a crucial role in the digestive process by producing pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Anatomy

The pancreas is a heterocrine gland, having both endocrine and exocrine functions, and is anatomically divided into the head, body, and tail. The head of the pancreas is the widest part of the gland, nestled in the curve of the duodenum. This anatomical relationship is significant for the drainage of pancreatic juices into the digestive tract. The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct, or Wirsung's duct, often join before entering the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater.

Function

The primary function of the head of the pancreas is to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid into the duodenum, facilitating the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and protease, break down food particles, while bicarbonate helps neutralize stomach acid entering the duodenum.

Clinical Significance

1. 1. 1. Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas that can particularly affect the head of the pancreas. It may be acute or chronic and can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

1. 1. 1. Pancreatic Cancer

The head of the pancreas is the most common site for pancreatic cancer, which is often diagnosed at an advanced stage due to the late onset of symptoms. Symptoms may include jaundice, weight loss, and abdominal pain.

1. 1. 1. Pancreatic Cysts and Tumors

Various types of cysts and tumors can develop in the head of the pancreas, ranging from benign to malignant. These can lead to obstructive jaundice or digestive issues depending on their size and location.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of conditions affecting the head of the pancreas typically involves imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Treatment varies depending on the condition but may include surgery, such as the Whipple procedure, which involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, part of the stomach, the duodenum, and other nearby tissues.

See Also

• Pancreas
• Digestive system
• Pancreatic duct
• Pancreatic cancer
• Pancreatitis