Papanicolaou smear

Papanicolaou smear (also known as a Pap test or Pap smear) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb). Abnormal findings are often followed up by more sensitive diagnostic procedures and, if warranted, interventions that aim to prevent progression to cervical cancer.

History

The test was invented by and named after the prominent Greek doctor Georgios Papanikolaou, who started his research in 1923. The test was officially adopted in medical practices in the United States in the 1940s.

Procedure

The test involves collecting cells from the cervix. The collected cells are examined under a microscope to look for abnormalities. The test aims to detect potentially pre-cancerous changes (called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or cervical dysplasia), which are caused by sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses (HPVs).

Effectiveness

The Pap test, combined with a regular programme of screening and follow-up, can reduce cervical cancer rates by up to 80%.

Risks and complications

While the Pap test procedure is generally safe, it may cause temporary discomfort. There is also a small risk of false-positive results, which can lead to unnecessary follow-up procedures and treatments.

See also

• Cervical cancer
• Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
• Human papillomavirus infection
• Georgios Papanikolaou

References

Papanicolaou smear Resources
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