After-birth

After-birth

The term "after-birth" refers to the placenta and fetal membranes that are expelled from the uterus following the birth of a baby. This process is a crucial part of the third stage of labor, which occurs after the delivery of the newborn. The after-birth plays a significant role in the birthing process and has important implications for maternal health.

Physiology of After-birth

The after-birth consists of the placenta, umbilical cord, and the fetal membranes, which include the amnion and chorion. These structures are vital during pregnancy as they provide oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus and remove waste products.

Placenta

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It attaches to the wall of the uterus and connects to the baby via the umbilical cord. The placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between the mother's and baby's bloodstreams without allowing direct blood contact.

Fetal Membranes

The fetal membranes, comprising the amnion and chorion, surround the developing fetus and form the amniotic sac. This sac is filled with amniotic fluid, which cushions the fetus and maintains a stable temperature.

Third Stage of Labor

The third stage of labor begins after the baby is born and ends with the delivery of the after-birth. This stage is crucial for preventing postpartum hemorrhage, a leading cause of maternal mortality.

Delivery of the Placenta

After the baby is delivered, the uterus continues to contract, which helps detach the placenta from the uterine wall. The placenta is then expelled through the birth canal. This process usually occurs within 5 to 30 minutes after the birth of the baby.

Management of the Third Stage

There are two main approaches to managing the third stage of labor: active management and expectant management.

• Active Management: This involves the administration of a uterotonic drug, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage to facilitate the delivery of the placenta and reduce the risk of hemorrhage.

• Expectant Management: This approach allows the placenta to deliver spontaneously without medical intervention, relying on the body's natural processes.

Complications Related to After-birth

Complications can arise if the after-birth is not delivered properly. These include:

• Retained Placenta: Occurs when the placenta is not expelled within 30 minutes after childbirth, increasing the risk of hemorrhage and infection.

• Postpartum Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding following the delivery of the placenta, which can be life-threatening if not managed promptly.

Cultural and Historical Aspects

In some cultures, the after-birth is treated with special significance. Practices such as placentophagy, where the placenta is consumed, or ceremonial burials of the placenta are observed in various traditions.

Also see

• Placenta
• Umbilical cord
• Amniotic fluid
• Postpartum period
• Labor (childbirth)