Kounis syndrome

Kounis syndrome is a medical condition characterized by the concurrent occurrence of cardiac symptoms and anaphylaxis, a severe allergic reaction. This syndrome is named after Nicholas G. Kounis, a Greek cardiologist who first described the condition in 1991.

Etiology[edit | edit source]

The exact cause of Kounis syndrome is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators during an allergic reaction. These mediators can cause coronary artery spasm or atheromatous plaque rupture, leading to myocardial infarction or heart attack.

Types[edit | edit source]

There are three types of Kounis syndrome:

Type I: This is the most common type and occurs in individuals with no pre-existing coronary artery disease. The allergic reaction causes a coronary artery spasm, leading to symptoms of a heart attack.

Type II: This type occurs in individuals with pre-existing atherosclerosis, a condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to a build-up of plaque. The allergic reaction can cause a rupture of the atheromatous plaque, leading to a heart attack.

Type III: This is the rarest type and occurs in individuals with coronary artery stents. The allergic reaction can cause a clot to form in the stent, leading to a heart attack.

Symptoms[edit | edit source]

The symptoms of Kounis syndrome are a combination of allergic reaction and heart attack symptoms. These may include chest pain, difficulty breathing, hives, low blood pressure, and loss of consciousness.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis of Kounis syndrome can be challenging as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions. It is often diagnosed based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests can help confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Treatment of Kounis syndrome involves managing both the allergic reaction and the heart attack. This may include medications to treat the allergic reaction, such as antihistamines and corticosteroids, and medications to treat the heart attack, such as nitroglycerin and beta-blockers.

Prognosis[edit | edit source]

The prognosis of Kounis syndrome depends on the severity of the allergic reaction and the heart attack. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most individuals can recover fully.

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Brown atrophy of the heart

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Keshan disease

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Loeffler endocarditis

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Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

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