Mimamsa

Mimamsa is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, primarily focusing on the interpretation of the Vedas. The name 'Mimamsa' derives from the Sanskrit root man, meaning "to think," reflecting the school's emphasis on critical exegesis of the Vedic texts. Mimamsa is divided into two main sub-schools: the Purva Mimamsa, which concentrates on the earlier (purva) portions of the Vedas, particularly the Brahmanas and Samhitas, and the Uttara Mimamsa or Vedanta, which focuses on the later (uttara) portions, specifically the Upanishads.

Origins and Development

The foundational text of the Purva Mimamsa school is the Mimamsa Sutra, composed by Jaimini, a sage who is thought to have lived around the 3rd century BCE. This text lays out the principles of Vedic interpretation and ritual practice. The Mimamsa Sutra is divided into twelve chapters, which collectively address the nature of dharma (duty or moral law), the reliability of the Vedas, and the importance of ritual actions.

Philosophy

Mimamsa philosophy is grounded in the belief that the Vedas are eternal and authorless (apaurusheya), possessing inherent authority and validity. The primary aim of Mimamsa is to interpret the rituals of the Vedas in a manner that supports their performance with precision and correctness. According to Mimamsa, the performance of Vedic rituals not only supports the structure of the universe but also contributes to the individual's personal welfare and the path to moksha (liberation).

Epistemology

Mimamsa offers a detailed epistemological discussion, which includes a defense of the pramana (means of knowledge) such as perception (Pratyaksha), inference (Anumana), and verbal testimony (Shabda). Shabda, or the authority of the Vedas, is considered the most reliable means of knowledge in the Mimamsa school.

Ethics

Ethically, Mimamsa emphasizes the concept of dharma, which is understood through the injunctions (vidhi) and prohibitions (nishedha) found in the Vedas. The correct performance of Vedic rituals is seen as essential to maintaining the order of the universe and the individual's role within it.

Influence and Legacy

Mimamsa has significantly influenced other schools of Hindu philosophy, particularly through its methodologies of textual interpretation. Its focus on dharma has also impacted Hindu legal and religious thought. In contemporary times, Mimamsa's influence is seen in the rituals of Hinduism and the scholarly study of the Vedas.

Criticism and Dialogue

Mimamsa has been critiqued by other philosophical schools, notably the Nyaya for its ritualism and perceived neglect of metaphysics. However, Mimamsa scholars have defended their focus on action (karma) over knowledge (jnana) as a valid path to liberation.

See Also

• Vedas
• Hindu philosophy
• Dharma
• Vedic ritual