Mitral valve prolapse

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) is a common cardiac condition where the mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, fails to close properly. This malfunction allows blood to leak backward into the left atrium from the left ventricle, a process known as regurgitation. MVP is often characterized by a distinctive heart murmur, which can be identified during a physical examination. While many individuals with MVP do not experience symptoms, some may encounter chest pain, palpitations, and disturbed heart rhythm.

Anatomy of the Mitral Valve

The mitral valve plays a crucial role in the heart's function by ensuring unidirectional blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. It comprises two leaflets (or cusps) that open and close with each heartbeat. In MVP, these leaflets bulge (prolapse) into the left atrium during systole (the heart's contraction phase).

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Anatomical diagram of the heart highlighting the mitral valve.

Causes

MVP can be caused by a variety of factors, including congenital heart defects, age-related changes, and connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome. The exact cause is often idiopathic, meaning it arises spontaneously without a known reason.

Symptoms

While many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic, symptoms can include:

• Palpitations
• Chest pain not associated with coronary artery disease
• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath, especially during exercise
• Light-headedness
• Dizziness

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of MVP typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests including:

• Echocardiography: An ultrasound of the heart that provides detailed images of the mitral valve and can assess the severity of prolapse and regurgitation.
• Electrocardiogram (ECG): To detect any disturbances in heart rhythm.
• Chest X-ray: To view the heart's shape and size.

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Echocardiogram showing mitral valve prolapse.

Treatment

Treatment for MVP depends on the severity of the condition and the presence of symptoms. Most individuals with mild MVP do not require treatment, but monitoring is essential to detect any changes over time. For symptomatic patients or those with significant mitral regurgitation, treatment options may include:

• Medications to manage symptoms (e.g., beta-blockers for palpitations)
• Mitral valve repair or replacement in severe cases
• Lifestyle changes and avoidance of stimulants like caffeine and tobacco

Lifestyle and Management

Individuals with MVP should engage in regular follow-up care, including echocardiograms to monitor the condition's progression. Healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet, are recommended to maintain cardiovascular health.

Implications

Although MVP is generally not life-threatening, it can increase the risk of mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, and, in rare cases, cardiac arrhythmias. Proper management and regular monitoring can mitigate these risks.

External Links

• Mayo Clinic - Mitral Valve Prolapse
• American Heart Association - About Heart Valves

References

• Mitral Valve Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment by Robert O. Bonow and Patrick T. O'Gara
• The Natural and Unnatural History of the Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome by Philip A. Poole-Wilson

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