Visceral larva migrans

Visceral larva migrans (VLM), also known as toxocariasis, is a clinical syndrome caused by the extraintestinal migration of nematode larvae. It is a common zoonotic infection worldwide, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and in individuals with close contact to dogs and cats.

Etiology

The primary causative agents of VLM are the roundworm species Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, which are common parasites of dogs and cats, respectively. Humans are accidental hosts who become infected by ingesting embryonated eggs from contaminated soil, food, or fomites.

Clinical Presentation

The clinical manifestations of VLM are diverse and depend on the organs affected by the migrating larvae. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, cough, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly. In severe cases, VLM can lead to complications such as neurotoxocariasis, ocular larva migrans, and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of VLM is primarily based on clinical presentation, epidemiological history, and laboratory findings. Serological tests, such as the ELISA test, are commonly used to detect antibodies against Toxocara antigens. Imaging studies, like ultrasound and CT scan, may also be helpful in identifying organ involvement.

Treatment

The mainstay of treatment for VLM is antihelminthic therapy with drugs like albendazole or mebendazole. In severe cases or when there is ocular involvement, corticosteroids may be added to the treatment regimen.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for VLM include regular deworming of pets, proper hand hygiene, and avoiding contact with soil contaminated with pet feces.

See Also

• Toxocariasis
• Ocular larva migrans
• Cutaneous larva migrans
• Zoonosis

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References

External Links

• World Health Organization: Toxocariasis
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Parasites - Toxocariasis (also known as Roundworm Infection)