Glossary of hematology

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The hematopoietic system, extracted from Hematology

Absolute reticulocyte count - reticulocyte/1. The reticulocyte count (%) is divided by 100 and multiplied times the RBC count/1.
Acanthocyte Speculated erythrocyte with variably spaced and sized, blunted projections.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) - A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow, blood, spleen, liver, and other organs.
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) - A rapidly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many immature (not fully formed) granulocytes, a type of white blood cell, are found in the bone marrow and blood.
Adjuvant therapy - Treatment used in addition to the main treatment. Adjuvant therapy usually refers to hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy added after surgery to increase the chances of curing the disease or minimizing symptoms.
Agglutination - Clumping of cells together in clusters. It is caused by the presence of surface immunoglobulins on erythrocytes and expression of surface adhesion molecules on leukocytes and platelets.

Aggregation - In blood coagulation, the process in which platelets stick or clump together
Agranulocytes - The leukocytes which lack specific granules; however, these cells may or may not contain azurophilic granules. Agranulocytes are spherical in shape, contain nuclei and include lymphocytes and monocytes. These cells are part of the formed elements of whole blood.
Whole Blood - A general description for a sample of blood taken from the venous or arterial circulation. It is composed of blood cells, platelets, and plasma
Aleukemic leukemia - A form of leukemia, in which little change is seen in the total leukocytes count or cellular maturity in the peripheral blood. An increade number of immature cells can be found in the bone marrow.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation - A procedure in which a person receives stem cells from a compatible donor.
Anemia - A blood disorder caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin (the oxygen) - carrying protein in red blood cells).
Anisochromia - Variation of the color of erythrocytes due to unequal hemoglobin concentration
Anisocytosis - Presence of red cells with increased variability (heterogeneous in size) as measured by red cell distribution width (RDW).
Antihemophilic factor - Factor VIII
Anti - human globulin test (AHG) Previously referred to as the Coomb’s test. May be either a direct or an indirect test to detect the presence of antibodies on erythrocytes ―indirect test‖
Antithrombin III - An alpha - 2globulin, that circulates in the plasma.
Apoferritin - A protein, that combines with iron to form ferritin.
APTT - Activated partial thromboplastin time
Apheresis - A procedure in which a patient's own blood is removed, particular fluid and cellular elements are extracted from the blood, and then returned to the patient.
Aplasia - Few or no differentiated cells present (e.g., erythroid aplasia indicates a lack of erythroid precursors in bone marrow.)
Aplastic anemia - One type of anemia that occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red cells, white cells, and platelets.
Auer rods - Also called Auer bodies, these cellular inclusions are aggregates of cytoplasmic granules that appear as red, elongated structures. They may occur alone or in groups in myeloblastic and occasionally in monoblastic.
Autologous bone marrow transplantation - A procedure in which a patient's own bone marrow is removed, treated with anticancer drugs or radiation, and then returned to the patient.
Autosomal dominant - A genetic trait that expresses itself, if present, and is carried on one of the chromosome pairs 1 through 22
Autosomal recessive inheritance - A gene on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes, which, when present in two copies, causes a trait or disease to be expressed.
Azures - A type of dye found in Romanowsky type stains. A
zure dyes - are oxidation products of methylene blue and stain certain components of a blood smear reddish blue in color. Blood smear components which have an affinity for this stain are said to display azurophilia. Thus, some cells may contain azurophilic granules.
Azurophilic Granules – Cytoplasmic granules which may be present in all types of leukocytes as seen using Romanowsky- type stains. These are usually reddish blue in color, but vary in color intensity, number, and size within different leukocytes. These granules may be absent in certain forms of lymphocytes and monocytes, but not in normal granulocytes. Most of the azurophilic granules are lysosomal in nature, but not those of basophils. The affinity of the granules for azure dyes depends on the chemical nature of the granules, not in the functional classification

Barium swallow/upper GI series - A diagnostic test that examines the organs of the upper part of the digestive system: the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first section of the small intestine). Fluid called barium (a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up on an x - ray) is swallowed. x - rays are then taken to evaluate the digestive organs.
Basophilic stippling - Erythrocytes containing blue- staining punctuate inclusions when stained with routine Romanowsk - type blood stain. Bence Jones Protein; The abnormal protein frequently found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma (50) - 60% pf patients). It precipitates at 500C , disappear at 1000C, and reappears on cooling to room temperature.
Bernard - Souler syndrome - A disorder characterized by the largest platelets which seen in a patient disorder.
Blasts - Immature blood cells.
Blood - The life - maintaining fluid which is made up of plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets; blood circulates through the body's heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries; it carries away waste matter and carbon dioxide, and brings nourishment, electrolytes, hormones, vitamins, antibodies, heat, and oxygen to the tissues.
Blood banking - The process that takes place in the laboratory to ensure that the donated blood or blood products are safe, before they are used in blood transfusions and other medical procedures. Blood banking includes typing and cross matching the blood for transfusion and testing for infectious diseases.
Blood Cells - The red (erythrocytes) and white (leukocytes) blood cells comprise the minor portion of whole blood.
Blood Smear - A laboratory procedure for examination of a small drop of blood spread over a glass slide.
Bone marrow - The soft, spongy tissue found inside bones. It is the site of development and storage of about 95 percent of the body's blood cells.
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy - The marrow may be removed by aspiration or a needle biopsy under local anesthesia. In aspiration biopsy, a fluid specimen is removed from the bone marrow. In a needle biopsy, marrow cells (not fluid) are removed. These methods are often used together.
Bone marrow transplant (BMT) - The transfusion of healthy bone marrow cells into a person after their own unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated.
Buffy Coat - A thin grayish white layer of white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets covering the top of the packed red blood cells of a hematocrit.
Cabot's Rings - Circular or ring shaped or figure eight, nuclear fragments found in newly differentiated erythrocytes
Capillary microscopy – The capillaries at the base of the fingernails may be examined under the microscope, using an Anglepoise lamp and a drop of immersion oil on the nail bed. Vascular abnormality such as increased capillary tortosity may be demonstrated, usually associated with a prolonged bleeding time.
Ceruloplasmin - Copper containing protein necessary for iron transport into the circulation.
CFU -Coloy forming units.
Chèdiak- Higashi anomaly - A rare inherited autosomal recessive trait that is characterized by the presence of large granules and inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of leukocytes. The leukocytic neutrophils display impaired chemotaxis and delayed killing of ingested bacteria
Chemotaxis - The release of substances that attract phagocytic cells as the result of traumatic or microbial damage.
Chromosome - A chromosome is a grouping of coiled strands of DNA, containing many genes. Most multicellular organisms have several chromosomes, which together comprise the. Sexually reproducing organisms have two copies of each chromosome, one from the each parent.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) - A slowly progressing cancer of the blood in which too many white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
Clotting - The sealing of a blood vessel with coagulated blood.
Clot retraction - when blood has clotted the clot retracts, so that after 1 hour at 37C normally 42 - 62% of the original blood volume is serum. If platelts or fibrinogen are deficient it may fail to retract normally and show increased friability.
Cold agglutination - antibodies in the plasma that react best at 0 0C to 200C
Coomb’s test - Agglutination test for the presence of anti- erythrocyte antibodies.
Complete blood count (CBC) – It is a measurement of size, number, and maturity of the different blood cells in a specific volume of blood.
Cooley’s anemia - Thalassemia major is usually equivalent to beta thalassemia in a homozygous form and is sometimes called Colley’s anemia
Crenation - A process by which red blood cells shrink or shrivel, giving a notched appearance to the cells' profiles.
Differential Cell Count - A light microscopic procedure for identifying and counting the number of certain formed elements in a blood smear.
cDNA - Strong, cloned copies of otherwise fragile mRNA - the essential messenger element of the genes in the DNA which help in the coding of proteins.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - Is a double - stranded helix of nucleotide which carries the genetic information of a cell. It encodes the information for the proteins and is able self - replicate.
Down's syndrome - DS is condition with several symptoms, including a characteristic body type, mental retardation, increased susceptibility to infections, and various heart and other organ abnormalities. It is a result of an extra copy of chromosme 21. In most cases this is a result of one of the parents'gametes not dividing properly. In some cases, it is a result of one of the parents having a chromosomal abnormality in which chromosome 14 and 21 are merged. This can be detected by looking at the parents' chromosomes.
Eosin - A type of dye found in Romanowsky- type stains. Eosin is an acid dye and stains certain components of a blood smear yellow to light red in color. Blood smear components which have an affinity for this stain are said to display eosinophilia (acidophilia).
Euglobin lysis time (ELT) – This is a test for measuring the amount of fibrinolysin present. Too much fibrinolysin causes hemorrhagic tendency. Too little causes intravascular coagulation (IVC) and may occur as a result of amniotic embolism complicating delivery. For this test a citrated blood sample is required. In the laboratory, the euglobin fraction of theplasma is precipitated, redissolved and allowed to clot. The time taken for the clot to undergo lysis is the euglobin lysis time, normally 150 - 300 minutes. If there is too much fibrinolysin, as can occur with carcinoma of the prostate, this time is reduced, to 30 minutes or less. In IVC it is increased.
Ferritin - It is a water - soluble storage form of iron. Serum ferritin concentrations have a positive correlation to total body iron store.
Fibrindex (fibrinogen index) - This test gives a quick estimate of the patient’s fibrinogen level; 2 ml of blood in a prothrombin bottle is required. The result is reported as the time taken for the patient’s plasma to clot after it is added to thrombin. Normally it clots in 5 - 12 second.; in moderate fibrinogen deficiency the time is 12 - 30 seconds, and in emergencies and following thoracic operations.
Folic acid deficiency –A deficiency in a B vitamin known as folic acid, which can cause megaloblastic anemia.
Gene - A segment of DNA that codes for a trait such as blood type or eye color, as well as susceptibility to certain diseases.
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) - The condition that results when the immune cells of a transplant (usually of bone marrow) from a donor attack the tissues of the person receiving the transplant.
Glycophorin - A major transmembrane protein unique to erythrocytes. This protein has carbohydrate moieties which permits classification of the erythrocytes into specific subgroups.
Granulocytes - These are leukocytes which have specific granules. The three different types of granulocytes have different types of specific granules. Granulocytes are spherical in shape, contain nuclei and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. These cells are part of the formed elements of whole blood. Haptoglobin; Plasma protein that binds hemoglobin released into plasma following intravascular hemolysis.
Heinz bodies - Incubation of defective cells wit a reducing agent e.g acetyl phenylhydrazine, causes more Heinz bodies to develop than in normal blood. It composed of oxidized hemoglobin that has precipitated into large inclusions within erythrocytes. They stain red to pale pink with Romanowsk- type stains and blue with reticulocyte stains.
Hemarthrosis - Bleeding into a joint.
Hematocrit - Hct %) the percentage of packed red blood cells found in a unit volume of whole blood. This parameter is derived from the measured red cell volume and the red blood cell count
Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis) - The process of formation, development, and differentiation of the formed elements of whole blood.
Hematologist - A physician who specializes in the functions and disorders of the blood.
Hematology - The scientific study of blood and blood - forming tissues.
Hemoglobin – A type of protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body.
Hemoglobin S beta thalassemia - Having one copy of the gene which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one copy of a mutated gene in the beta - chain of hemoglobin; this blood disorder produces a moderate anemia and some symptoms similar to sickle cell anemia.
Hemolysis – A process characterized by the alternations in the red blood cells' integrity resulting in the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding medium in which the cells are suspended.
Hemolytic anemia - One type of anemia in which the red blood cells are destroyed prematurely.
Hemophilia - An inherited bleeding disorder caused by low levels, or absence of, a blood protein that is essential for clotting; hemophilia A is caused by a lack of the blood clotting protein factor VIII; hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency of factor IX.
Hemorrhagic anemia - Anemia caused by a sudden loss of a large amount of blood.
Hemosiderin - Water insoluble storage form of iron. It consists if denatured ferritin and can be visualized easily by light microscopy. HLA: Human leukocyte antigen system; a series of four gene families (termed A, B, C and D) that code for polymorphic proteins expressed on the surface of most nucleated cells. Individuals inherit from each parent one gene (or set of genes) for each subdivision of the HLA system. If two individuals have identical HLA types, they are said to be histocompatible. Successful tissue transplantation requires a minumum number of HLA differences between donor and recipient tissues.
Howell - Jolly Bodies - Spherical or ovoid nuclear fragments found in newly differentiated erythrocytes. Red blood cells with these bodies appear in greater numbers after a splenectomy.
Hyperchromic red cells - Red cells with a cell hemoglobin concentration mean >41 g/dL.% and absolute count are available on the RBC Research Screen
Hyperchromia - Presence of red cells with abnormally increased cell hemoglobin content.
Hypochromic red cells - Red cells with a cell hemoglobin concentration mean <28 g/dL. % and absolute count are available on the RBC Research Screen.
Hypochromia - Presence of cells with abnormally low cell hemoglobin content.
Immune system - The system composed of lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphatic system, and white blood cells that are responsible for protecting the body against infection and disease.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) - A blood disorder characterized by an abnormal decrease in the number of blood platelets, which results in internal bleeding. There are two forms of ITP: acute ITP and chronic ITP.
Immunosuppression - A state in which the ability of the body's immune system to respond is decreased. This condition may be present at birth, or it may be caused by certain infections (such as human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV), or by certain cancer therapies, such as cancer cell killing (cytotoxic) drugs, radiation, and bone marrow transplantation.
Immunotherapy - Treatments that promote or support the body's immune system response to a disease such as cancer.
Intravenous gamma globulin (IVGG) - A protein that contains many antibodies and slows destruction of platelets; used in the treatment of ITP.
Iron deficiency anemia - The most common type of anemia. It is the lack of iron in blood
Jaundice - Yellowing of the skin, eyes, and oral mucosa.
Left shift - Increased number of unsegmented neutrophils, triggered by a decrease in the lobularity index with or without absence of a valley in the nuclear cytogram.
Leptocyte - Thin cell with increased membrane to volume ratio that may resemble targets (target cell or codocyte) may be seen in iron deficiency and with some forma of liver disease.
Leukemia - A cancer of the blood - forming tissue. Leukemic cells look different than normal cells and do not function properly.
Leukocytosis - A condition characterized by an abnormally high total number of circulating leukocytes.
Leukopenia - A condition characterized by an abnormally low total number of circulating leukocytes.
Lymph - Part of the lymphatic system; a thin, clear fluid that circulates through the lymphatic vessels and carries blood cells that fight infection and disease. l
ymph nodes - Part of the lymphatic system; bean - shaped organs, found in the underarm, groin, neck, and abdomen, that act as filters for the lymph fluid as it passes through them.
Lymph vessels - Part of the lymphatic system; thin tubes that carry lymph fluid throughout the body.
Lymphangiogram (LAG) - An imaging study that can detect cancer cells or abnormalities in the lymphatic system and structures. It involves a dye being injected to the lymph system. lymphatic system - Part of the immune system; includes lymph, ducts, organs, lymph vessels, lymphocytes, and lymph nodes, whose function is to produce and carry white blood cells to fight disease and infection.
Lymphocytes - Part of the lymphatic system; white blood cells that fight infection and disease.
Lymphocytic leukemia - A type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the lymphocytes (lymphoid cells).
Macrocytes - Cells which are abnormally large, especially red blood cells.
Maturation arrest - Situation in bone marrow where maturation of a cell line appears to have largely stopped at a given precursor cell type.
MCV - Mean cell volume is the average volume of single erythrocytes in femtoliters (fl).
Megaloblastic anemia - A rare blood disorder in which the body does not absorb enough vitamin B - 12 from the digestive tract, resulting in an inadequate amount of red blood cells (RBCs) produced.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH pg) - This value is derived from the measured hemoglobin and red blood cell count.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC g/dL) - This parameter is computed from the measured hemoglobin and the computed hematocrit. A significant discrepancy between this value and 242 the directly measured cell hemoglobin concentration mean gives rise to a CE flag.
M:E ratio - Myeloid:erythroid ratio is determined by dividing the number of nonlymphoid leukocytes and their precursors counted in the marrow by the number of nucleated erythroid precursor counted
M:H ratio - The ratio of microcytes (M) to hypochromic (H) RBCs. This parameter is a simple index that may facilitate differentiation between beta - thalassemia trait and iron deficiency.
MHC - Major Histocompatibility comples; a series of genes located on chromosome 6 that code for antigens, includeing the HLA antigen.
mRNA (messenger RNA) - Is the mediating template between DNA and proteins. The information from a particular gene is transferred from a strand of DNA by the construction of a complementary strand of RNA through a process known as transcription. Next three nucleotide segments of RNA, called tRNA (transfer RNA), which are attached to specific amino acids, match up with the template strand of mRNA to order the amino acids correctly. These amino acids are then bonded together to form a protein. This process, called translation occurs in the ribosome, which is composed of proteins and the third kind of RNA, rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
Methylene Blue - A type of dye found in Romanowsky- type stains. Methylene blue is a basic dye and stains certain components of a blood smear purplish blue to dark purple in color. Blood smear components which have an affinity for this dye are said to display basophilia. Microcytes]] - Cells which are abnormally small, especially red blood cells.
Mucositis - Inflammation of the mouth and gastrointestinal tract.
Mutation - A change in a gene.
Myelodysplastic syndrome - MDS consists of abnormal marrow proliferation with morphologic abnormalities resulting in one or more cytopenias. It may be a preleukemic condition.
Myelogenous leukemia - A type of leukemia in which the cancer develops in the granulocytes or monocytes (myeloid cells).
Myelophthisis - Bone marrow space is occupied by abnormal cells, fibrosis or bone, resulting inperipheral cytopenias.
Myeloproliferative disorders - Diseases in which the bone marrow produces too many of one of the three types of blood cells: red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all the tissues in the body; white blood cells, which fight infection; and platelets, which make blood clot.
NRBC - Nucleated red blood cell is a term used to refer to nucleated erythrocytes present in blood
Petechia - Tiny red dots under the skin that are the result of very small bleeds.
Plasma - The noncellular liquid component of unclotted whole blood. Plasma is the liquid medium in which the formed elements are suspended and comprises the major portion of whole blood
Platelet distribution width (PDW %) - Derived from direct flow cytometric measurement of platelet cell volume presence of platelet anisocytosis
Platelet pheresis - A procedure to remove extra platelets from the blood.
Platelets - Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells). Platelets contain cytoplasmic granules; however, they lack nuclei and are part of the formed elements of blood. It is a cell found in the blood that are needed to help the blood to clot in order to control bleeding; often used in the treatment of leukemia and other forms of cancer.
Polycythemia - Erythrocytosis with increases in Hct, RBC count and Hb concentration.
Pure red cell aplasia - Erythroid aplasia with lack of only erythroid precursors in the bone marrow.
Pluripotent stem cell - The most primitive, undeveloped blood cell.
Prothrombin consumption test - When healthy blood clots most of the prothrombin is used up. In clotting defects much prothrombin may still remain in the serum. This test measures how much prothrombin remains in the serum. This is the prothrombin consumption index (PCI) normally 0 - 30%, usually below 10%. A raised result indicates a clotting defect requiring further tests to be described.
Purpura - The purple color of skin after blood has "leaked" under it, such as in a bruise.
Red Blood Cells - Blood cells (erythrocytes) which appear as biconcave disks, lack nuclei and comprise the largest number of cells of the formed elements of whole blood.
Red blood cells - Blood cells that mainly help transport oxygen to all the tissues, it is increased in the in the body.
RDW - Red cell distribution width is calculated as the coefficient of variation of erythrocyte volume. It indicates the degree of variation of cell volume.
Reticulocyte red blood cell distribution width (RDWr %) - Derived from direct flow cytometric measurement of reticulocyte mean corpuscular volume, it is increased in the presence of reticulocyte anisocytosis.
Reticulocytes - Immature erythrocytes which contain fine thread - like strands (network) of RNA (ribonucleic acids). The RNA strands may be demonstrated by supravital staining with methylene blue.
Right shift - Frequent hypersegmented neutrophils seen in blood
Romanowsky- type stains - Blood smear dyes having modified mixtures of eosin and methylene blue. Wright's and Giemsa's stains are examples of these types of blood smear stains.
Schistocytes - Are irregular erythrocyte fragments formed by trauma such as occurs in DIC.
Serum - The noncellular liquid phase resulting from the clotting of a sample whole blood or plasma. Serum is equivalent to plasma without its clotting elements.
Sickle cell anemia - An inherited blood disorder characterized by defective hemoglobin, where there are two copies of an abnormal hemoglobin gene present (HbSS).
Sickle cell hemoglobin C disease - Having one copy of the gene which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one copy of another altered hemoglobin gene (HbC); this blood disorder is similar to sickle cell anemia.
Sickle cell hemoglobin E disease - Having one copy of the gene which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS) and one copy of another altered hemoglobin gene (HbE); this blood disorder may/may not cause symptoms except under stress (exhaustion, infection, etc.).
Sickle cell trait - Having one copy of the gene which causes sickle cell anemia (HbS), and one copy of the normal hemoglobin gene.
Stem cells - The blood cells that produce other blood cells. It is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow transplantation.
Sickle crisis - In sickle cell diseases, the pain that occurs when the flow of blood is blocked to an area because the sickled cells are stuck in a blood vessel.
Spectrin - The major cytoskeleton protein, along with certain integral proteins, responsible for maintaining the biconcave shape of erythrocytes.
Spherocytes - Erythrocytes that appear as spheres. They lack central pallor and have smaller diameter than normal on stained blood film.
Thalassemia - An inherited blood disorder in which the chains of the hemoglobin (a type of protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues) molecule are abnormal; alpha thalassemia is where a mutation occurs in the alpha chain, while beta thalassemia is where the mutation occurs in the beta chain; signs and symptoms of thalassemias vary from mild (little to no symptoms) to severe (life threatening).
TIBC - Total iron binding capacity correlates relatively with transferring concentration. This measures the maximum amount of iron with which the protein can combine. It is increased in iron deficiency anemia.
Transferrin - Major iron transport protein in plasma
Viscometry - This is the measurement of the viscosity of whole blood or plasma and is performed on sequesternated blood. E.g blood viscosity is increased when there is increase in the PCV.
Red Cell Mass - This test measures the total volume of all the circulating red cells. Blood is collected by the laboratory staff. The red cells are tagged with radioactive chromium, washed and reinjected into the patient. After 10 - 20 minutes blood is again collected. The hematocrit and radioactivity are measured. The red cell mass can then be calculated. Normally this is 30 ml/kg for males and and 27 ml/kg for females. It is increased in Polycythemia, sometimes to more than twice the normal figure.
Von Willebrand disease - A form of hemophilia caused by an abnormality in the von Willebrand factor, which is necessary for platelets to be able to attach themselves to a vein or artery to form a clot to stop bleeding.
White blood cells (Also called WBCs or leukocytes) - Blood cells involved in the destruction of viruses, bacteria, and fungi which cause infection.
Whole Blood - A general description for a sample of blood taken from the venous or arterial circulation. It is composed of blood cells, platelets, and plasma

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