Scorbutus

Scorbutus Scorbutus, commonly known as scurvy, is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet. It is characterized by symptoms such as anemia, debility, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain in the limbs, and especially the legs, swelling in some parts of the body, and ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth.

History

Scorbutus has been known since ancient times, with descriptions of the disease appearing in the writings of Hippocrates. It became particularly notorious among sailors during the Age of Exploration, when long sea voyages without access to fresh fruits and vegetables led to widespread outbreaks.

Pathophysiology

Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that helps maintain the integrity of connective tissues. Without adequate vitamin C, collagen synthesis is disrupted, leading to the symptoms associated with scorbutus. Collagen is crucial for the maintenance of skin, blood vessels, bones, and cartilage.

Symptoms

The symptoms of scorbutus can develop after one to three months of vitamin C deficiency. They include:

• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Inflammation of the gums (gingivitis)
• Joint pain
• Poor wound healing
• Anemia
• Skin changes, such as petechiae and ecchymoses

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of scorbutus is primarily clinical, based on the presence of characteristic symptoms and dietary history. Laboratory tests can confirm vitamin C deficiency by measuring plasma ascorbic acid levels.

Treatment

The treatment for scorbutus is straightforward: replenishment of vitamin C. This can be achieved through dietary sources such as citrus fruits, tomatoes, and green vegetables, or through vitamin C supplements. Symptoms typically improve within days of treatment.

Prevention

Scorbutus can be prevented by ensuring an adequate intake of vitamin C. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin C varies by age and sex, but generally ranges from 65 to 90 milligrams per day for adults.

Epidemiology

While rare in developed countries, scorbutus can still occur in populations with limited access to fresh produce or in individuals with restrictive diets. It is more common in areas affected by famine or in populations with high rates of malnutrition.

See Also

• Vitamin C
• Collagen
• Gingivitis
• National Institutes of Health. "Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals."
• Carpenter, K.J. "The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C."

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Scorbutus

Scorbutus is a rare disease.