2023–2024 mpox epidemic

2023–2024 mpox epidemic

The 2023–2024 mpox epidemic refers to the widespread outbreak of mpox, a disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which occurred globally during the years 2023 and 2024. This epidemic followed the 2022 monkeypox outbreak, which had already raised significant public health concerns worldwide.

Background

Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. The disease is characterized by symptoms similar to those of smallpox, though generally less severe. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, and a distinctive rash that often begins on the face before spreading to other parts of the body.

The 2022 monkeypox outbreak marked a significant increase in cases outside of endemic regions in Africa, leading to heightened awareness and surveillance. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in July 2022.

Epidemiology

The 2023–2024 epidemic saw a further increase in the number of cases globally, with significant clusters reported in regions previously unaffected by the virus. The spread was facilitated by international travel and the virus's ability to transmit through close contact, including sexual contact.

Transmission

The monkeypox virus is transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. Human-to-human transmission occurs primarily through large respiratory droplets, direct contact with infected bodily fluids or lesion material, and indirect contact with lesion material, such as through contaminated clothing or linens.

Affected Regions

The epidemic affected multiple continents, with significant outbreaks reported in North America, Europe, and parts of Asia. Efforts to contain the virus included vaccination campaigns, public health advisories, and travel restrictions.

Public Health Response

In response to the epidemic, health authorities implemented a range of measures to control the spread of the virus. These included:

• Vaccination Campaigns: The use of the smallpox vaccine, which provides cross-protection against mpox, was expanded to at-risk populations.
• Public Health Advisories: Information campaigns were launched to educate the public about the symptoms of mpox and the importance of seeking medical attention.
• Travel Restrictions: Some countries implemented travel restrictions and screening measures to prevent the importation of cases.

Impact

The epidemic had significant social and economic impacts, particularly in regions with large outbreaks. Healthcare systems were strained by the increased demand for medical care, and public fear led to disruptions in daily life and economic activities.

Research and Development

Ongoing research during the epidemic focused on improving diagnostic methods, developing more effective vaccines, and understanding the virus's transmission dynamics. Collaborative efforts between international health organizations and research institutions were crucial in addressing the epidemic.

Also see

• 2022 monkeypox outbreak
• Monkeypox virus
• Zoonotic diseases
• Public Health Emergency of International Concern