Autoimmune encephalitis
- Inflammation of the brain secondary to an immune response triggered by the body itself.
- Autoimmune encephalitis refers to a group of conditions that occur when the body's mistakenly attacks healthy brain, leading to inflammation of the brain.
Causes[edit | edit source]
- Rasmussen encephalitis
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Behcet's disease
- Hashimoto's encephalopathy
- Autoimmune limbic encephalitis
- Sydenham's chorea
- PANS or PANDAS
Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]
People with autoimmune encephalitis may have various neurologic and/or psychiatric symptoms. Neurologic symptoms may include impaired memory and cognition, abnormal movements, and/or problems with balance, speech, or vision.
Psychiatric symptoms[edit | edit source]
- Psychiatric symptoms may include psychosis, aggression, inappropriate sexual behaviors, panic attacks, compulsive behaviors, euphoria or fear. Symptoms may fluctuate, but often progress over days to a few weeks.
- Symptoms can progress to loss of consciousness or even coma.
- Autoimmune encephalitis may be associated with to on the surface of nerve cells, or within nerve cells. Some of these proteins are involved in passing signals between nerve cells.
- In some cases it occurs in association with (a paraneoplastic syndrome).
Autoimmune encephalitis generally occurs sporadically, in people with no of the condition.
- ==Treatment==
- Treatment may involve intravenous immunosuppressive therapy, and removal when necessary.
- Early treatment decreases the likelihood for long-term complications, speeds recovery, and reduces the risk of recurrence (relapse). If not treated, the condition can lead to progressive neurologic deterioration and loss of life.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
Diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis can be made when all three of the following criteria have been met:
- . Subacute onset (rapid progression of less than 3 months) of working memory deficits (short-term memory loss), altered mental status, or psychiatric symptoms.
- . At least one of the following:
- New focal findings
- not explained by a previously known seizure disorder
- CSF pleocytosis ( count of more than five per mm3)
- features suggestive of encephalitis
- . Reasonable exclusion of alternative causes
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD