Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions often with artificial ventilation in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who is in cardiac arrest. It is a critical component of basic life support (BLS) and is used in both pre-hospital and hospital settings.

History

The concept of CPR has evolved over centuries, with early methods dating back to the 18th century. Modern CPR techniques were developed in the 1960s, with the American Heart Association (AHA) playing a significant role in standardizing the procedure.

Indications

CPR is indicated in cases of cardiac arrest, where the heart has stopped beating effectively. It is also used in cases of respiratory arrest, where breathing has stopped but the heart may still be beating. CPR can be performed on adults, children, and infants, with specific techniques adapted for each age group.

Technique

The technique of CPR involves the following steps:

Chest Compressions

Chest compressions are the most critical component of CPR. They should be performed at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and at a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) in adults. The rescuer should allow full chest recoil between compressions to maximize blood flow.

Airway

Ensuring an open airway is crucial for effective ventilation. This can be achieved using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver or the jaw-thrust maneuver in cases of suspected spinal injury.

Breathing

Rescue breaths are given to provide oxygen to the lungs. The ratio of compressions to breaths is typically 30:2 for adults when two rescuers are present. In some cases, especially with untrained rescuers, "hands-only" CPR (chest compressions without rescue breaths) is recommended.

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

An Automated External Defibrillator (AED) is a portable device that can diagnose and treat cardiac arrest by delivering an electrical shock to restore a normal heart rhythm. AEDs are designed to be used by laypersons and are often found in public places.

Complications

While CPR is a life-saving procedure, it can cause complications such as rib fractures, sternal fractures, and internal injuries. However, the benefits of performing CPR in cardiac arrest situations far outweigh the risks.

Training and Certification

CPR training is widely available and is often required for healthcare professionals, lifeguards, and other emergency responders. Certification courses are offered by organizations such as the American Heart Association and the Red Cross.

Also see

• Basic Life Support
• Advanced Cardiac Life Support
• Defibrillation
• Cardiac Arrest
• First Aid