Cholangiocellular carcinoma

Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC), also known as cholangiocarcinoma, is a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts. These ducts are a series of tubes that transport bile, a fluid produced by the liver, to the gallbladder and the small intestine, where it aids in the digestion of fats. Cholangiocarcinoma can occur in any part of the bile duct system and is classified based on its location: intrahepatic (within the liver), perihilar (at the hilum of the liver), and distal (closer to the small intestine).

Etiology and Risk Factors

Several factors increase the risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma. These include primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), a chronic liver disease; infections with liver flukes, which are parasitic flatworms; chronic Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C infection; cirrhosis; and certain genetic disorders. However, in many cases, the exact cause remains unknown.

Symptoms

Symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma may not appear in the early stages. When they do occur, they can include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), itchy skin, dark urine, light-colored stools, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever. These symptoms result from blockage of the bile ducts, leading to bile accumulation in the liver.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, and procedures like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis by examining tissue samples under a microscope.

Treatment

Treatment options for cholangiocarcinoma depend on the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. They may include surgery to remove the tumor, liver transplantation, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Palliative treatments may also be used to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Prognosis

The prognosis for cholangiocarcinoma varies depending on several factors, including the cancer's stage at diagnosis and the success of treatment. Generally, the prognosis is better for patients who are eligible for surgical removal of the tumor. However, cholangiocarcinoma often has a poor prognosis because it is frequently diagnosed at a late stage when the cancer is inoperable.

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