Cocaine hydrochloride

Cocaine Hydrochloride is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix "-ine", forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic. Specifically, it is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), which mediates functionality of these neurotransmitters as an exogenous catecholamine transporter ligand. Because of the way it affects the mesolimbic reward pathway, cocaine is addictive.

History

Cocaine was first isolated from the leaves of the coca plant in 1859 by Albert Niemann. It was further refined by other scientists, notably Sigmund Freud, who believed that it could be used as a therapeutic agent for treating psychiatric disorders. However, its addictive properties soon became apparent, leading to restrictions on its use.

Pharmacology

Cocaine hydrochloride increases levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain by inhibiting their reuptake into neurons. This results in increased neurotransmitter activity, leading to increased stimulation of the central nervous system. This stimulation manifests as increased alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, increased energy and motor activity, increased feelings of competence and sexuality, and decreased appetite.

Health Effects

Chronic use of cocaine hydrochloride can lead to significant adverse health effects, including heart disease, stroke, infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, and drug addiction. It can also lead to severe damage to the nasal septum in those who snort the drug.

Legal Status

Cocaine hydrochloride is classified as a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act in the United States, meaning it has a high potential for abuse and is available only on a nonrefillable prescription. Internationally, it is a Schedule I drug under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.

See Also

• Coca alkaloids
• Cocaine dependence
• Cocaine intoxication
• Cocaine (topical)