Intersex

Intersex

The intersex flag

Intersex refers to individuals born with biological sex characteristics that do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies. These characteristics can include variations in chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitalia. Intersex people have always existed, but the term "intersex" and increased awareness of the diversity of human sex characteristics have only gained prominence in recent decades.

Biology

Intersex variations can occur at different levels of biological sex determination, including:

• Chromosomal variations: Differences in the number or structure of sex chromosomes (e.g., Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), Turner syndrome (X0), XX male syndrome).
• Gonadal variations: Development of gonads that are not exclusively testes or ovaries (e.g., ovotestes), or gonads that are inconsistent with an individual's chromosomal sex (e.g., Swyer syndrome).
• Hormonal variations: Differences in the production, response to, or metabolism of sex hormones (e.g., congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome).
• Genital variations: Ambiguous or atypical genitalia, or genitalia that are inconsistent with an individual's chromosomal or gonadal sex (e.g., hypospadias, clitoromegaly).

Terminology

Historically, intersex individuals have been labeled with various terms, many of which are now considered stigmatizing or outdated. Some of these terms include:

• Hermaphrodite: Derived from the ancient Greek mythological figure Hermaphroditus, this term has been used to describe individuals with both male and female sex characteristics. However, it is now considered inappropriate and misleading, as true hermaphroditism (having both functional testes and ovaries) is extremely rare in humans.
• Disorders of sex development (DSD): This term is used by some medical professionals to describe intersex variations, but it has been criticized for pathologizing natural variations in human biology.

Health and medical issues

Intersex individuals may face various health and medical issues, including:

• Increased risk for certain medical conditions (e.g., infertility, hormone imbalances, increased cancer risk in certain cases)
• Unnecessary or harmful medical interventions, such as non-consensual surgeries or hormone treatments aimed at "normalizing" an intersex child's appearance or sex characteristics
• Ethical concerns surrounding informed consent, autonomy, and the rights of intersex individuals to make decisions about their own bodies

Legal and human rights

Intersex rights activists advocate for the recognition and protection of the rights of intersex people, including:

• The right to bodily autonomy and self-determination
• The prohibition of non-consensual medical interventions
• The legal recognition of non-binary gender identities
• The right to access appropriate and non-stigmatizing healthcare

Intersex representation in media and culture

The visibility of intersex individuals in media and popular culture is limited but slowly increasing. Some notable examples of intersex representation include:

• The documentary Intersexion (2012), which explores the lives of intersex individuals from different countries and cultures
• The novel Middlesex (2002) by Jeffrey Eugenides, which tells the story of an intersex protagonist and their family history
• The television series Faking It (2014-2016), which featured an intersex character named Lauren
• The television series Billions (2016-present), which includes a non-binary character named Taylor, portrayed by Asia Kate Dillon, who also identifies as non-binary

Societal attitudes and stigma

Intersex individuals often face stigma, discrimination, and misunderstanding due to societal norms that dictate binary definitions of sex and gender. This can result in:

• Misconceptions about the nature and prevalence of intersex variations
• The pathologization or medicalization of intersex traits
• Discrimination in various spheres of life, including education, employment, and access to healthcare
• The internalization of shame, isolation, or self-doubt by intersex individuals due to societal pressure to conform to binary sex and gender norms
• Efforts to raise awareness and understanding of intersex issues aim to challenge these attitudes and create a more inclusive and supportive environment for intersex individuals.

Intersex organizations and activism

Intersex activists and organizations work to raise awareness, promote understanding, and advocate for the rights and well-being of intersex individuals. Some notable intersex organizations and activists include:

• Intersex Society of North America (ISNA): Founded in 1993, ISNA was an advocacy and support organization that sought to educate and empower intersex individuals, their families, and healthcare providers. The organization closed in 2008, but its work continues to influence intersex advocacy.
• Intersex Human Rights Australia (IHRA): A national organization that advocates for the human rights and bodily autonomy of intersex people in Australia.
• Organisation Intersex International (OII): A global network of intersex organizations working to advance the rights and visibility of intersex individuals worldwide.
• Hida Viloria: An intersex activist and writer, Viloria is the author of the memoir Born Both: An Intersex Life and has been a prominent advocate for intersex rights and representation.
• Pidgeon Pagonis: An intersex activist, artist, and filmmaker, Pagonis has created multiple films about their intersex experiences and has been a leading voice in the movement against non-consensual medical interventions on intersex children.

Education and awareness

Efforts to educate the public about intersex issues and experiences include:

• Public awareness campaigns led by intersex organizations and activists
• Educational materials and resources provided by healthcare providers, schools, and other institutions
• Inclusion of intersex issues in LGBTQ+ advocacy, support, and educational initiatives
• Media coverage and representation that accurately and respectfully portrays intersex individuals and their experiences
• Increased awareness and understanding of intersex issues can contribute to the reduction of stigma and discrimination, as well as promote the well-being and rights of intersex individuals.

Parenting and family support

Support for families with intersex children is crucial to promote the well-being of both the child and the family as a whole. This support can include:

• Access to accurate, non-stigmatizing information about intersex variations and their implications
• Emotional and practical support from healthcare providers, mental health professionals, and peer support groups
• Advocacy for the child's rights and best interests in medical decision-making, education, and other aspects of life
• Encouragement of open communication and acceptance within the family

Intersectionality

Intersex individuals may experience intersectional forms of discrimination and marginalization based on factors such as race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, and disability, in addition to their intersex status. Recognizing and addressing these intersecting forms of oppression is an essential part of advancing intersex rights and well-being.

International recognition

Several countries and international organizations have taken steps to recognize and protect the rights of intersex people. Some examples include:

• Malta: In 2015, Malta became the first country to ban non-consensual medical interventions on intersex children and legally recognize non-binary gender identities.
• Germany: In 2013, Germany introduced an option to register newborns with ambiguous genitalia as "undetermined" sex, and in 2018, the country's highest court ruled in favor of a third gender option on official documents.
• United Nations: In 2013, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture called for an end to non-consensual medical interventions on intersex individuals, citing the right to bodily integrity and the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment.

Future directions

Ongoing advocacy and research are essential to further the understanding, rights, and well-being of intersex individuals. Future directions in intersex activism and scholarship may include:

• Continued efforts to raise awareness and promote accurate, non-stigmatizing information about intersex variations and experiences
• Advocacy for the legal recognition and protection of intersex rights at national and international levels
• Further research on the physical, psychological, and social implications of intersex variations, as well as best practices for intersex-inclusive healthcare, education, and support services
• The development of intersex-inclusive policies and practices in a variety of settings, including schools, workplaces, and public spaces

See also

• Sexual differentiation
• Gender identity
• LGBTQ+
• Non-binary
• Gender dysphoria
• Human rights
• Informed consent

External links

• Intersex Equality Rights UK
• Intersex Human Rights Australia
• Organization Intersex International United States

Summary

In summary, intersex is one having both male and female sexual characteristics and organs; at birth an unambiguous assignment of male or female cannot be made.

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