Orofacial cleft

Orofacial cleft is a term encompassing a group of congenital conditions characterized by an opening or split in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate), or both. These anomalies occur early in pregnancy when the facial structures that are developing in an unborn baby do not close completely. Orofacial clefts are among the most common birth defects globally and can vary greatly in severity, from a small notch in the lip to a significant opening from the lip up through the nose and into the palate. The condition can occur as an isolated defect or may be part of a genetic syndrome.

Types

Orofacial clefts are primarily divided into two main categories: Cleft lip and Cleft palate. A cleft lip involves a physical split or separation of the two sides of the upper lip and appears as a narrow opening or gap in the skin of the upper lip. This separation might extend beyond the base of the nose and include the upper gum and/or upper jaw. A cleft palate occurs when the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose. These conditions can occur separately or together and can vary in severity.

Cleft Lip

A cleft lip can be on one side (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral) and can range from a small notch in the lip to a large opening that extends into the nose. It can occur alone or with a cleft palate.

Cleft Palate

A cleft palate occurs when the roof of the mouth has not fully closed, leaving an opening that can extend into the nasal cavity. It can affect the soft palate (the back of the mouth) and/or the hard palate (the front of the mouth).

Causes

The exact cause of orofacial clefts is unknown, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These may include genetic mutations, the mother's diet, certain medications taken during pregnancy, and environmental toxins. Family history of orofacial clefts also increases the risk.

Diagnosis

Orofacial clefts are often diagnosed through prenatal ultrasound, but they can also be identified at birth. Further assessments may include physical examinations, genetic testing, and imaging studies to evaluate the extent of the cleft and associated anomalies.

Treatment

The treatment of orofacial clefts involves a multidisciplinary approach that may include surgery, dental care, speech therapy, and psychological support. Surgical repair of the cleft may require multiple procedures over several years, depending on the severity of the cleft.

Impact

The impact of orofacial clefts can extend beyond the physical abnormalities to include difficulties with feeding, speech, hearing, dental problems, and social and psychological challenges. Early intervention and support are crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life for individuals with orofacial clefts.