Acute transverse myelitis

Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a neurological disorder that occurs when both sides of the same section of the spinal cord become inflamed. This inflammation can damage or destroy myelin, the fatty insulating substance that covers nerve cell fibers. This damage causes nervous system scars that interrupt communications between the nerves in the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

Symptoms

Symptoms of acute transverse myelitis include a rapid onset of lower extremity weakness and tight banding sensory loss. Symptoms can occur over hours to several days, and they can progress rapidly. Other symptoms can include back pain, paresthesias (abnormal sensations), and urinary incontinence.

Causes

The exact cause of acute transverse myelitis is unknown. However, the condition is often thought to occur as a result of the body's immune system mistakenly attacking the spinal cord. This can occur in isolation, or as part of another disease, such as multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica. Other possible triggers include viral infections, bacterial infections, and vaccinations.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of acute transverse myelitis involves a thorough clinical evaluation, detailed patient history, and a variety of specialized tests. These tests may include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), lumbar puncture (spinal tap), and blood tests.

Treatment

Treatment for acute transverse myelitis primarily involves medications and physical therapy. Medications may include corticosteroids to reduce spinal cord inflammation and pain relievers to manage symptoms. Physical therapy can help improve mobility and function.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with acute transverse myelitis varies. Some individuals may recover with minor or no residual problems, while others may continue to have significant deficits.

See also

• Neurology
• Spinal cord diseases
• Autoimmune diseases