Carcinoma
(Redirected from Intraepidermal carcinoma)
Carcinoma | |
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Classification and external resources |
Carcinoma is a class of malignant tumors that originates from the epithelial cells, which line the body's internal and external surfaces, including the linings or coverings of organs, glands, and other bodily structures. Often synonymously termed as "cancer," carcinoma represents the most frequently diagnosed type of malignancy worldwide.
Epidemiology[edit | edit source]
As the most prevalent subtype of cancer, carcinomas account for the majority of cancer diagnoses globally. The incidence varies depending on the specific organ affected, with carcinomas of the breast, lung, prostate, and colon being among the most commonly diagnosed.
Pathophysiology[edit | edit source]
Carcinomas arise when epithelial cells undergo genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth. These mutations can be instigated by a range of factors, including exposure to carcinogens (like tobacco smoke), radiation, certain infectious agents, and hereditary genetic predispositions.
Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
Symptoms of carcinoma depend on the organ or tissue type affected. Common presentations include:
- Palpable lumps (as seen in breast carcinoma)
- Persistent cough or blood-tinged sputum (lung carcinoma)
- Changes in bowel habits or blood in stool (colorectal carcinoma)
- Difficulty in urination (prostate carcinoma)
- General symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and persistent pain might also be observed.
Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
A definitive diagnosis of carcinoma typically requires a biopsy of the suspicious tissue, followed by histopathological examination. Imaging modalities, including CT scans, MRIs, and X-rays, aid in determining the extent of the disease and checking for metastasis.
Treatment[edit | edit source]
The therapeutic approach to carcinoma varies based on the organ involved, the stage of the disease, and the overall health of the patient. Common treatment modalities include:
- Surgery: Removal of the tumor and, in some cases, nearby lymph nodes.
- Radiotherapy: Use of high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Drugs that kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing.
- Targeted therapy: Drugs designed to target specific cancer cell functions or pathways.
- Immunotherapy: Treatments that enhance the body's natural defenses against cancer.
Prognosis[edit | edit source]
Outcomes for patients with carcinoma depend on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the effectiveness of the treatment, and the patient's overall health. Early detection and treatment generally lead to a more favorable prognosis.
Conclusion[edit | edit source]
Carcinoma, as a prominent subset of cancers, is a critical area of study and treatment in the realm of oncology. Medical professionals must stay abreast of the latest advancements in diagnosis and management to provide optimal care for patients affected by this condition.
References[edit | edit source]
External Links[edit | edit source]
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD