Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

Information about Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor[edit source]

Alpha glucosidase is an intestinal brush border enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of disaccharides which is necessary for the absorption of starch, dextrins and disaccharides. Inhibition of this enzyme causes malabsorption and slowing of absortion of carbohydrates and decreases the postprandial rise in blood glucose. These drugs may also increase the release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) which may contribute to their glucosing lowering effects. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors have been shown to be effective in improving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

FDA approval information for Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor[edit source]

Two alpha glucosidase inhibitors have been approved for use in the United States, acarbose (Precose) in 1995 and miglitol (Glyset) in 1996. While these two agents have a similar mechanism of action, they have different chemical structures and pharmacokinetics. Acarbose is a modified bacterial enzyme that is not appreciably absorbed, while miglitol is a synthetic pseudopolysaccharide that is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Both drugs are taken three times daily with meals (with the first bite) and cause mild carbohydrate malabsorption.

Side effects of Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor[edit source]

Common side effects of both agents are flatulence, abdominal bloating and discomfort and diarrhea.

Liver toxicity of Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor[edit source]

Acarbose which has little systemic absorption, has been clearly linked to rare instances of clinically apparent liver injury, while no specific instances of such injury have been attributed to miglitol. Antidiabetics

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Acarbose
- Miglitol
Incretin-Based Drugs
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogues
Insulin
Metformin
Metiglinide Analogues
- Nateglinide
- Repaglinide
Pramlintide
Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors
Sulfonylureas
- First Generation Sulfonylureas
  - Acetohexamide
  - Chlorpropamide
  - Tolazamide
  - Tolbutamide
- Second Generation Sulfonylureas
  - Gliclazide
  - Glimepiride
  - Glipizide
  - Glyburide (Glibenclamide)
Thiazolidinediones

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