Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a chronic condition characterized by bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain. The pain ranges from mild discomfort to severe pain. The condition is part of a spectrum of diseases known as painful bladder syndrome (PBS).

Symptoms

The symptoms of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome can vary among individuals and may include:

• Chronic pelvic pain: Persistent pain in the pelvic region, which may be relieved temporarily by urination.
• Frequent urination: The need to urinate more often than usual, often in small amounts.
• Urgency to urinate: A persistent, urgent need to urinate.
• Pain during intercourse: Painful sensations during sexual activity.

Causes

The exact cause of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is unknown. However, several factors may contribute to the development of the condition:

• Defects in the bladder epithelium: A defect in the protective lining of the bladder may allow toxic substances in urine to irritate the bladder wall.
• Autoimmune reaction: The immune system may attack the bladder, mistaking it for a harmful pathogen.
• Genetic factors: A family history of IC/BPS may increase the risk.
• Infection: Although not caused by a bacterial infection, a previous infection may trigger the condition.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome involves ruling out other conditions that cause similar symptoms. Diagnostic procedures may include:

• Medical history and physical exam: A thorough review of symptoms and a physical examination.
• Urinalysis and urine culture: To rule out urinary tract infections.
• Cystoscopy: A procedure that allows the doctor to view the inside of the bladder.
• Bladder biopsy: A small sample of bladder tissue may be taken for analysis.

Treatment

There is no cure for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome, but several treatments can help manage symptoms:

• Lifestyle changes: Dietary modifications, stress management, and bladder training.
• Medications: Oral medications such as pentosan polysulfate sodium, antihistamines, and pain relievers.
• Bladder instillations: Direct application of medication into the bladder.
• Physical therapy: Pelvic floor physical therapy to relieve muscle tension.
• Surgery: In severe cases, surgical options may be considered.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome varies. Some people experience significant relief from symptoms with treatment, while others may have persistent symptoms. Ongoing research aims to better understand the condition and develop more effective treatments.

See Also

• Chronic pelvic pain
• Urinary tract infection
• Pelvic floor dysfunction

,

 Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome, 
 Urology, 
 2007, 
 Vol. 69(Issue: 4), 
 pp. 631 636, 
 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.01.041,

,

 The Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide, 
  
 Healthwise, 
 2000,

NIH genetic and rare disease info

• NIH info on Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is a rare disease.