Ischaemic heart disease

Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD) or coronary heart disease (CHD), is a type of heart disease that is characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle, usually due to narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries. This condition is primarily caused by atherosclerosis, a disease process that involves the build-up of fatty deposits (plaques) in the inner walls of the arteries.

Causes

The main cause of ischaemic heart disease is atherosclerosis, which is a process of progressive hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to the accumulation of cholesterol and other fatty substances. Other factors that can contribute to the development of IHD include smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, and a family history of heart disease.

Symptoms

The most common symptom of ischaemic heart disease is angina pectoris, which is a type of chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, and weakness, especially during physical activity.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and coronary angiography.

Treatment

The treatment of ischaemic heart disease generally involves lifestyle modifications, medications, and in some cases, surgical procedures. Lifestyle modifications may include quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy weight. Medications may include beta blockers, statins, and aspirin. Surgical procedures may include coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Prognosis

The prognosis of ischaemic heart disease can vary greatly depending on the severity of the disease and the individual's overall health. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle changes, many people with IHD can lead a normal life.

See also

• Cardiovascular disease
• Myocardial infarction
• Heart failure