Nerve cell

Nerve Cell

A nerve cell, also known as a neuron, is a specialized type of cell that is fundamental to the function of the nervous system. The primary role of nerve cells is to transmit information throughout the body.

Structure

Nerve cells are composed of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the cell's function. Dendrites are branch-like structures that receive signals from other nerve cells and transmit them to the cell body. The axon is a long, thin structure that transmits signals away from the cell body to other nerve cells or to effector cells.

Function

Nerve cells function by transmitting electrical signals along their axons. This is achieved through a process known as action potential. When a nerve cell receives a signal, it generates an action potential that travels along the axon to the axon terminal, where it triggers the release of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the next cell, transmitting the signal.

Types of Nerve Cells

There are three main types of nerve cells: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons. Sensory neurons transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. Motor neurons transmit signals from the central nervous system to effector cells. Interneurons connect other neurons within the central nervous system.

Diseases and Disorders

Diseases and disorders of nerve cells can lead to a variety of neurological conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. These conditions can result from damage to nerve cells or from the disruption of normal nerve cell function.

See Also

• Neuroscience
• Nervous system
• Neurotransmitter
• Action potential

Nerve cell Resources
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