Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 Diabetes (also known as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or T2DM) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations. The sudden onset may also cause diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.

Causes

Type 2 Diabetes primarily occurs as a result of obesity and lack of exercise. Some people are more genetically at risk than others. Type 2 Diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to Type 1 Diabetes and gestational diabetes. In Type 2 Diabetes, the cells of the body become resistant to the action of insulin, and the pancreas is unable to make enough insulin to overcome this resistance. Instead of moving into the cells where it's needed for energy, sugar builds up in the bloodstream.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes is by blood tests. If the results of these tests meet the criteria for diagnosis, no further testing is needed. If the results are borderline, additional testing may be done. This may include a glucose tolerance test or a HbA1c test.

Treatment

Management of Type 2 Diabetes focuses on lifestyle changes, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining a healthy blood glucose level. This can be achieved through a combination of diet, exercise and weight loss, along with appropriate use of medication. Medications used include insulin therapy, metformin, and sulfonylureas.

See also

• Diabetes management
• Diabetes mellitus
• Diabetic diet
• Insulin resistance

External links

• World Health Organization - Diabetes
• American Diabetes Association

Type 2 Diabetes Resources
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